Abstract
Continuous use of chemical fertilizers in conventional tillage systems has jeopardized soil fertility, affecting productivity of crops. Puddling is currently a serious constraint for farmers in rice based cropping systems because of water deficits and soil structure destruction. Finding an alternative cultivation practice is imperative to improve this scenario for sustainability and food security. The current study was conducted in consecutive two years (from 2018–2020) to evaluate the effects of minimum tillage and integrated nutrient schedules on the nutrient uptake, profitability and microbial diversity of the rice‒lentil cropping system in the lower Gangetic plains of West Bengal. The study was carried-out in a split-plot design and repeated all treatments in three times. Treatments such as CT Direct seeded rice – lentil (CT-DSR), MT Direct seeded rice – lentil (MT-DSR), CT Transplanted rice – lentil (CT-TPR) and MT Transplanted rice – lentil (MT-TPR) were assigned in main plots and no application of nutrients (Control), 100% RDF, 75% Nitrogen + FYM (75% N + FYM), 75% Nitrogen + FYM + Azospirillum (75% N + FYM + Azo) and 75% Nitrogen + FYM + Azospirillum + Zinc Sulfate (75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn) were assigned in sub-plots. The MT treatments significantly gave better growth, yield and nutrient uptake values in the second year with MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice, despite the CT treatments performing better in first year. Minimum tillage treatments showed better growth, yield and nutrient uptake in lentil throughout the experiment with MT-DSRMT-DSR treatment having maximum growth (32.81 cm & 34.98 cm), yield (8.08 q ha−1 & 8.817 q ha−1) and nutrient uptake in both years respectively. Treatment of 100% RDF obtained highest growth (96.53 cm & 32.98 cm), uptake and yield (5.17 t ha−1 & 8.23 q ha−1) respectively for rice & lentil during the first year, but 75%N + FYM + Azo + Zn surpassed all the other treatments in terms of the aforementioned parameters, in the second year. The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment in the pooled analysis over two years had the greatest economic benefit (85,845.27 INR/ha), B:C ratio (1.85) and a Shannon diversity index of 0.070. The results of the study revealed that, to obtain long term sustained productivity, better soil health and income security of the smallholder farmers of Eastern India, minimum tillage along with integrated nutrient schedules can be a viable alternative in the rice‒lentil cropping system.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
MT-DSR gave the highest rice growth (96.38 cm) in the second year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The MT treatments significantly gave better growth, yield and nutrient uptake values in the second year”
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
MT-DSR gave the highest rice yield (5.17 t ha−1) in the second year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The MT treatments significantly gave better growth, yield and nutrient uptake values in the second year”
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
MT-DSR gave the highest nutrient uptake in rice in the second year.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- MT-DSRe1
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The MT treatments significantly gave better growth, yield and nutrient uptake values in the second year”
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage rice treatments performed better in the first year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- CTe2
- Outcome
- performing bettere2
- Direction
- bettere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
e2“despite the CT treatments performing better in first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage gave better growth, yield and nutrient uptake in lentil throughout the experiment.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise3 - Treatment
- Minimum tillagee3
- Outcome
- growth, yield and nutrient uptakee3
- Direction
- bettere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Minimum tillage treatments showed better growth, yield and nutrient uptake in lentil throughout the experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
MT-DSR gave the maximum lentil growth (32.81 cm and 34.98 cm).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise3
- Treatment
- MT-DSRe4
- Outcome
- growthe4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 32.81 cm & 34.98 cme4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Minimum tillage treatments showed better growth, yield and nutrient uptake in lentil throughout the experiment”
e4“MT-DSRMT-DSR treatment having maximum growth (32.81 cm & 34.98 cm), yield (8.08 q ha−1 & 8.817 q ha−1) and nutrient uptake in both years respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
MT-DSR gave the maximum lentil yield (8.08 q ha−1 and 8.817 q ha−1).
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise3
- Treatment
- MT-DSRe4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 8.08 q ha−1 & 8.817 q ha−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Minimum tillage treatments showed better growth, yield and nutrient uptake in lentil throughout the experiment”
e4“MT-DSRMT-DSR treatment having maximum growth (32.81 cm & 34.98 cm), yield (8.08 q ha−1 & 8.817 q ha−1) and nutrient uptake in both years respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
MT-DSR gave the maximum lentil nutrient uptake in both years.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise3
- Treatment
- MT-DSRe4
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee4
- Direction
- maximume4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Minimum tillage treatments showed better growth, yield and nutrient uptake in lentil throughout the experiment”
e4“MT-DSRMT-DSR treatment having maximum growth (32.81 cm & 34.98 cm), yield (8.08 q ha−1 & 8.817 q ha−1) and nutrient uptake in both years respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% RDF treatment gave the highest rice growth (96.53 cm) in the first year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Treatment of 100% RDF obtained highest growth (96.53 cm & 32.98 cm), uptake and yield (5.17 t ha−1 & 8.23 q ha−1) respectively for rice & lentil during the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% RDF treatment gave the highest lentil growth (32.98 cm) in the first year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Treatment of 100% RDF obtained highest growth (96.53 cm & 32.98 cm), uptake and yield (5.17 t ha−1 & 8.23 q ha−1) respectively for rice & lentil during the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% RDF treatment gave the highest rice yield (5.17 t ha−1) in the first year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Treatment of 100% RDF obtained highest growth (96.53 cm & 32.98 cm), uptake and yield (5.17 t ha−1 & 8.23 q ha−1) respectively for rice & lentil during the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% RDF treatment gave the highest lentil yield (8.23 q ha−1) in the first year.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Treatment of 100% RDF obtained highest growth (96.53 cm & 32.98 cm), uptake and yield (5.17 t ha−1 & 8.23 q ha−1) respectively for rice & lentil during the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100% RDF treatment gave the highest nutrient uptake in rice and lentil in the first year.
- Taxon
- rice & lentilLens culinarisOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- 100% RDFe5
- Outcome
- uptakee5
- Direction
- higheste5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Treatment of 100% RDF obtained highest growth (96.53 cm & 32.98 cm), uptake and yield (5.17 t ha−1 & 8.23 q ha−1) respectively for rice & lentil during the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment surpassed all other treatments in the second year.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 75%N + FYM + Azo + Zne6
- Outcome
- aforementioned parameterse6
- Direction
- surpassede6
- Comparator
- all the other treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
e6“but 75%N + FYM + Azo + Zn surpassed all the other treatments in terms of the aforementioned parameters, in the second year”
Claim · model-written summary
The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment had the greatest economic benefit in the pooled two-year analysis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zne7
- Outcome
- economic benefite7
- Direction
- greateste7
- Value
- 85,845.27 INR/hae7
- Qualifier
- pooled analysis over two yearse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
e7“The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment in the pooled analysis over two years had the greatest economic benefit (85,845.27 INR/ha), B:C ratio (1.85) and a Shannon diversity index of 0.070”
Claim · model-written summary
The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment had the greatest B:C ratio in the pooled two-year analysis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zne7
- Outcome
- B:C ratioe7
- Direction
- greateste7
- Value
- 1.85e7
- Qualifier
- pooled analysis over two yearse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
e7“The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment in the pooled analysis over two years had the greatest economic benefit (85,845.27 INR/ha), B:C ratio (1.85) and a Shannon diversity index of 0.070”
Claim · model-written summary
The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment had a Shannon diversity index of 0.070 in the pooled two-year analysis.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zne7
- Outcome
- Shannon diversity indexe7
- Value
- 0.070e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“MT- DSRMT-DSR recording highest growth (96.38 cm), yield (5.17 t ha−1) and nutrient uptake of rice”
e7“The MT DSR + 75% N + FYM + Azo + Zn treatment in the pooled analysis over two years had the greatest economic benefit (85,845.27 INR/ha), B:C ratio (1.85) and a Shannon diversity index of 0.070”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage with integrated nutrient schedules is a viable alternative in the rice-lentil cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- viable alternativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum tillage along with integrated nutrient schedules can be a viable alternative in the rice‒lentil cropping system”
The same questions in other papers
zinc atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
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- positive
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Lens culinaris · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
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85 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
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See all 99 papers →transplanting · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
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See all 12 papers →fertilization · growth · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
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See all 26 papers →8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.