Abstract
Salinity stress is a major constraint to crop productivity, affecting physiological processes such as photosynthesis and disrupting osmotic and ionic balance. Exogenous application of silicon has been shown to enhance plant tolerance to salinity by improving photosynthetic efficiency, metabolic activity and molecular responses. Similarly, mycorrhizal fungi help to mitigate salinity-induced stress by enhancing nutrient uptake. To investigate the combined effects of silicon and mycorrhiza on sorghum under saline irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in 2022 at farmer’s field in Kuppuchipalayam village, Karur District, Tamil Nadu. The study included five silicon levels (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) applied through diatomaceous earth and three mycorrhiza levels (0, 25, and 50 g/plant), under saline water irrigation with an electrical conductivity of 10 dS/m. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with two replications, using sorghum var. K12 as the test crop. Results revealed that both silicon and mycorrhiza significantly alleviated the negative effects of salinity, improving plant growth and yield. Plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and dry matter production (DMP) increased with higher silicon levels, peaking at 200 kg Si/ha, resulting in respective increases of 9.2%, 53.6%, 19.0%, and 25.1% over the control. Yield parameters such as number of ear heads/m², no. of filled grains/ear head, grain yield and stover yield were also maximized at this level, with the highest grain and stover yield reaching 4286.3 kg/ha and 7096.7 kg/ha, showing 25.4% and 21.7% increases over control. Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plant significantly enhanced all measured parameters over 25 g/plant and control, with grain and stover yields increasing by 10.3% and 10.7%, respectively. The interaction between silicon and mycorrhiza was significant, with the best performance observed at 200 kg Si/ha + 50 g VAM/plant, resulting in yield improvements of 40.5% (grain) and 33.4% (stover) compared to untreated control.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg Si/ha, sorghum height rose 9.2% over control.
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and dry matter production (DMP) increased with higher silicon levels, peaking at 200 kg Si/ha, resulting in respective increases of 9.2%, 53.6%, 19.0%, and 25.1% over the control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg Si/ha, sorghum leaf area index rose 53.6% over control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/hae0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53.6%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and dry matter production (DMP) increased with higher silicon levels, peaking at 200 kg Si/ha, resulting in respective increases of 9.2%, 53.6%, 19.0%, and 25.1% over the control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg Si/ha, sorghum chlorophyll content rose 19.0% over control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/hae0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content (SPAD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19.0%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and dry matter production (DMP) increased with higher silicon levels, peaking at 200 kg Si/ha, resulting in respective increases of 9.2%, 53.6%, 19.0%, and 25.1% over the control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg Si/ha, sorghum dry matter production rose 25.1% over control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/hae0
- Outcome
- dry matter production (DMP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.1%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD) and dry matter production (DMP) increased with higher silicon levels, peaking at 200 kg Si/ha, resulting in respective increases of 9.2%, 53.6%, 19.0%, and 25.1% over the control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon at 200 kg Si/ha maximized ear heads and filled grains per head.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/hae1
- Outcome
- number of ear heads/m², no. of filled grains/ear heade0
- Direction
- maximizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield parameters such as number of ear heads/m², no. of filled grains/ear head, grain yield and stover yield were also maximized at this level”
e1“peaking at 200 kg Si/ha”
e2“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg Si/ha, grain yield reached 4286.3 kg/ha, 25.4% above control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/hae1
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 4286.3 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 25.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain and stover yield reaching 4286.3 kg/ha and 7096.7 kg/ha, showing 25.4% and 21.7% increases over control”
e1“peaking at 200 kg Si/ha”
e2“sorghum under saline irrigation”
e3“Yield parameters such as number of ear heads/m², no. of filled grains/ear head, grain yield and stover yield were also maximized at this level”
Claim · model-written summary
At 200 kg Si/ha, stover yield reached 7096.7 kg/ha, 21.7% above control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/hae1
- Outcome
- stover yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 7096.7 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 21.7%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest grain and stover yield reaching 4286.3 kg/ha and 7096.7 kg/ha, showing 25.4% and 21.7% increases over control”
e1“peaking at 200 kg Si/ha”
e2“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza at 50 g/plant significantly improved measured parameters over 25 g/plant and control.
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plante0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- all measured parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- 25 g/plant and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plant significantly enhanced all measured parameters over 25 g/plant and control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza at 50 g/plant increased grain yield 10.3%.
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plante0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 10.3%e0
- Comparator
- 25 g/plant and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plant significantly enhanced all measured parameters over 25 g/plant and control, with grain and stover yields increasing by 10.3% and 10.7%, respectively”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
e2“Yield parameters such as number of ear heads/m², no. of filled grains/ear head, grain yield and stover yield were also maximized at this level”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhiza at 50 g/plant increased stover yield 10.7%.
- Treatment
- Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plante0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- stover yieldse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 10.7%e0
- Comparator
- 25 g/plant and controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhiza application at 50 g/plant significantly enhanced all measured parameters over 25 g/plant and control, with grain and stover yields increasing by 10.3% and 10.7%, respectively”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The silicon by mycorrhiza interaction significantly improved grain yield 40.5% over untreated control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/ha + 50 g VAM/plante0
- Interactor
- VAMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 40.5%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interaction between silicon and mycorrhiza was significant, with the best performance observed at 200 kg Si/ha + 50 g VAM/plant, resulting in yield improvements of 40.5% (grain) and 33.4% (stover) compared to untreated control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The silicon by mycorrhiza interaction significantly improved stover yield 33.4% over untreated control.
- Treatment
- 200 kg Si/ha + 50 g VAM/plante0
- Interactor
- VAMe0symbiont
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- 33.4%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interaction between silicon and mycorrhiza was significant, with the best performance observed at 200 kg Si/ha + 50 g VAM/plant, resulting in yield improvements of 40.5% (grain) and 33.4% (stover) compared to untreated control”
e1“sorghum under saline irrigation”
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