Abstract
Chromium (Cr) has currently been classified as a hazardous heavy metal due to its toxic effects on both human health and plants growth.This study investigates the restorative effect of phosphorus (P) on Solanum lycopersicum under chromium-induced toxicity.Plant growth was reduced by the addition of 25 mg/L Cr treatment when compared with control, while it was improved by the addition of 13% of P to growth media when compared to the Cr treatment.The shoot and root of the plant growth was increased by 4.0 and 14.0% when treated with 25 mg/L Cr + P treatment.Cr and P combination improved photosynthetic pigments, while it was decreased in Cr treatment alone.Cr dose was increased, and then malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also get increased.Lower dose of Cr increases the activities of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), but showed a slight reduction at higher Cr concentrations.The alleviating effect of P was confirmed by the reduction of (H2O2), MDA concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity in shoot and root tissue.The maximum SOD activity in S. lycopersicum tissues was found to be 330.5% in 25 mg/L Cr treatment, but SOD activity was reduced by 1.76 and 55.73% in tissues treated with Cr with P addition treatment compared to Cr alone treatment.At 25 mg/L Cr treatment CAT activity was increased to 224.8% and 342.3%.These results indicated that replacing P with Cr could reduce Cr-induced toxicity, which could promote seedling growth.This study can be considered as a new technology to mitigate the heavy metals induced stress toxicity in plants.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced plant growth relative to control.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 25 mg/L Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- Plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant growth was reduced by the addition of 25 mg/L Cr treatment when compared with control”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus improved growth relative to chromium treatment.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- addition of 13% of P to growth mediae0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- Cr treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it was improved by the addition of 13% of P to growth media when compared to the Cr treatment”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium plus phosphorus increased shoot growth by 4.0%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 25 mg/L Cr + P treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and root of the plant growth was increased by 4.0 and 14.0% when treated with 25 mg/L Cr + P treatment”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium plus phosphorus increased root growth by 14.0%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 25 mg/L Cr + P treatmente0
- Outcome
- roote0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot and root of the plant growth was increased by 4.0 and 14.0% when treated with 25 mg/L Cr + P treatment”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium plus phosphorus improved photosynthetic pigments relative to chromium alone.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cr and P combinatione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- Cr treatment alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr and P combination improved photosynthetic pigments, while it was decreased in Cr treatment alone”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium alone decreased photosynthetic pigments.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cr treatment alonee0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr and P combination improved photosynthetic pigments, while it was decreased in Cr treatment alone”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde increased as chromium dose increased.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cr dosee0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr dose was increased, and then malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also get increased”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide increased as chromium dose increased.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cr dosee0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr dose was increased, and then malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also get increased”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower chromium increased SOD, CAT and POX activities, with slight reduction at higher chromium.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lower dose of Cre0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidative enzymese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- higher Cr concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower dose of Cr increases the activities of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), but showed a slight reduction at higher Cr concentrations”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus reduced hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde under chromium.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot and root tissuee0
- Treatment
- Pe0
- Outcome
- (H2O2), MDA concentrationse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The alleviating effect of P was confirmed by the reduction of (H2O2), MDA concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity in shoot and root tissue”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus reduced antioxidant enzyme activity under chromium.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot and root tissuee0
- Treatment
- Pe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The alleviating effect of P was confirmed by the reduction of (H2O2), MDA concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity in shoot and root tissue”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity reached 330.5% at 25 mg/L chromium.
- Taxon
- S. lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 25 mg/L Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 330.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum SOD activity in S. lycopersicum tissues was found to be 330.5% in 25 mg/L Cr treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium plus phosphorus reduced SOD activity by 1.76% compared with chromium alone.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cr with P addition treatmente0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1.76e0
- Comparator
- Cr alone treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD activity was reduced by 1.76 and 55.73% in tissues treated with Cr with P addition treatment compared to Cr alone treatment”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium plus phosphorus reduced SOD activity by 55.73% compared with chromium alone.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cr with P addition treatmente0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55.73%e0
- Comparator
- Cr alone treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOD activity was reduced by 1.76 and 55.73% in tissues treated with Cr with P addition treatment compared to Cr alone treatment”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25 mg/L chromium, CAT activity increased to 224.8%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 25 mg/L Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 224.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 25 mg/L Cr treatment CAT activity was increased to 224.8% and 342.3%”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25 mg/L chromium, CAT activity increased to 342.3%.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 25 mg/L Cr treatmente0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 342.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 25 mg/L Cr treatment CAT activity was increased to 224.8% and 342.3%”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose phosphorus amendment to mitigate chromium stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicumSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- mitigate the heavy metals induced stress toxicity in plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study can be considered as a new technology to mitigate the heavy metals induced stress toxicity in plants”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum”
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