Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency in soils is a major problem for sustainable crop production worldwide. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that can promote plant growth, development and responses to stresses. However, the effect of Si on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth, photosynthesis and mineral uptake under P deficit conditions and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we showed that low P (LP) supply inhibited tomato growth as revealed by significantly decreased fresh and dry weights of shoots and impaired root morphological traits. LP-induced growth inhibition was associated with decreased photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency. However, exogenous Si application alleviated LP-induced decreases in growth and physiological parameters. In particular, Si increased Pn by 65.2%, leading to a significantly increased biomass accumulation. Biochemical quantification and in situ visualization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed increased ROS (O2−· and H2O2) accumulation under LP stress, which eventually elevated lipid peroxidation. Interestingly, exogenous Si decreased ROS and malondialdehyde levels by substantially increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. In addition, Si increased concentrations of osmoregulatory substances, such as proline, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and organic acids under LP stress. Analysis of major element concentrations revealed that exogenous Si application under LP stress not only increased Si uptake but also enhanced the concentrations of most essential elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in different tissues (roots, leaves, and stems). These results reveal that Si mitigates LP stress by improving photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant potential, and nutrient homeostasis and that it can be used for agronomic management of vegetable crops in P-deficient soils.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphorus reduced tomato shoot fresh and dry weights.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- low P (LP) supplye0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights of shootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low P (LP) supply inhibited tomato growth as revealed by significantly decreased fresh and dry weights of shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphorus impaired tomato root morphology.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- low P (LP) supplye0
- Outcome
- root morphological traitse0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low P (LP) supply inhibited tomato growth as revealed by significantly decreased fresh and dry weights of shoots and impaired root morphological traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-phosphorus growth inhibition was associated with lower photosynthetic pigment, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LP-induced growth inhibitione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LP-induced growth inhibition was associated with decreased photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-phosphorus growth inhibition was associated with lower transpiration rate and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LP-induced growth inhibitione0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate and water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LP-induced growth inhibition was associated with decreased photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon alleviated low-phosphorus decreases in growth and physiological parameters.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- growth and physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Si application alleviated LP-induced decreases in growth and physiological parameters”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon raised net photosynthetic rate by 65.2%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si increased Pn by 65.2%”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon significantly raised biomass accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie1
- Outcome
- biomass accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to a significantly increased biomass accumulation”
e1“Si increased Pn by 65.2%”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphorus increased reactive oxygen species accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- LP stresse0
- Outcome
- ROS (O2−· and H2O2) accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased ROS (O2−· and H2O2) accumulation under LP stress”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased reactive oxygen species under low phosphorus elevated lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Qualifier
- increased ROS (O2−· and H2O2) accumulation under LP stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which eventually elevated lipid peroxidation”
e1“increased ROS (O2−· and H2O2) accumulation under LP stress”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon lowered ROS and malondialdehyde levels under phosphorus stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Sie0
- Outcome
- ROS and malondialdehyde levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Si decreased ROS and malondialdehyde levels”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Sie1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“substantially increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase”
e1“Interestingly, exogenous Si decreased ROS”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein concentrations under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- proline, soluble sugar, soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under LP stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si increased concentrations of osmoregulatory substances, such as proline, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and organic acids under LP stress”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased free amino acid and organic acid concentrations under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- free amino acids, and organic acidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under LP stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si increased concentrations of osmoregulatory substances, such as proline, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, free amino acids, and organic acids under LP stress”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon increased silicon uptake under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- Si uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Si application under LP stress not only increased Si uptake”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon increased K, Na and Ca concentrations in tomato tissues under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots, leaves, and stemse0
- Treatment
- exogenous Si applicatione1
- Outcome
- concentrations of most essential elements (K, Na, Cae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the concentrations of most essential elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in different tissues (roots, leaves, and stems)”
e1“exogenous Si application under LP stress”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous silicon increased Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations in tomato tissues under low phosphorus.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots, leaves, and stemse0
- Treatment
- exogenous Si applicatione1
- Outcome
- Mg, Fe, and Mne0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the concentrations of most essential elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn) in different tissues (roots, leaves, and stems)”
e1“exogenous Si application under LP stress”
t0“tomato”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.