Abstract
BACKGROUND: Abiotic stresses (e.g., heat or limited water and nutrient availability) limit crop production worldwide. With the progression of climate change, the severity and variation of these stresses are expected to increase. Exogenous silicon (Si) has shown beneficial effects on plant growth; however, its role in combating the negative effects of heat stress and their underlying molecular dynamics are not fully understood. RESULTS: Exogenous Si significantly mitigated the adverse impact of heat stress by improving tomato plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and relative water content. Si induced stress tolerance by decreasing the concentrations of superoxide anions and malondialdehyde, as well as mitigating oxidative stress by increasing the gene expression for antioxidant enzymes (peroxidases, catalases, ascorbate peroxidases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione reductases) under stress conditions. This was attributed to increased Si uptake in the shoots via the upregulation of low silicon (SlLsi1 and SlLsi2) gene expression under heat stress. Interestingly, Si stimulated the expression and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins by upregulating heat transcription factors (Hsfs) such as SlHsfA1a-b, SlHsfA2-A3, and SlHsfA7 in tomato plants under heat stress. On the other hand, defense and stress signaling-related endogenous phytohormones (salicylic acid [SA]/abscisic acid [ABA]) exhibited a decrease in their concentration and biosynthesis following Si application. Additionally, the mRNA and gene expression levels for SA (SlR1b1, SlPR-P2, SlICS, and SlPAL) and ABA (SlNCEDI) were downregulated after exposure to stress conditions. CONCLUSION: Si treatment resulted in greater tolerance to abiotic stress conditions, exhibiting higher plant growth dynamics and molecular physiology by regulating the antioxidant defense system, SA/ABA signaling, and Hsfs during heat stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved tomato biomass under heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Exogenous Sie0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Si significantly mitigated the adverse impact of heat stress by improving tomato plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved photosynthetic pigments under heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Sie0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Si significantly mitigated the adverse impact of heat stress by improving tomato plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon improved relative water content under heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Exogenous Sie0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous Si significantly mitigated the adverse impact of heat stress by improving tomato plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon decreased superoxide anion concentrations under stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- concentrations of superoxide anionse0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si induced stress tolerance by decreasing the concentrations of superoxide anions and malondialdehyde”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon decreased malondialdehyde concentrations under stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si induced stress tolerance by decreasing the concentrations of superoxide anions and malondialdehyde”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased expression of antioxidant-enzyme genes under stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie1
- Outcome
- gene expression for antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- under stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the gene expression for antioxidant enzymes (peroxidases, catalases, ascorbate peroxidases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione reductases) under stress conditions”
e1“Si induced stress tolerance by decreasing the concentrations of superoxide anions and malondialdehyde, as well as mitigating oxidative stress by increasing the gene expression for antioxidant enzymes”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased shoot silicon uptake under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Gene
- SlLsi1 and SlLsi2e0
- Outcome
- Si uptake in the shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased Si uptake in the shoots via the upregulation of low silicon (SlLsi1 and SlLsi2) gene expression under heat stress”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon upregulated SlLsi1 and SlLsi2 expression under heat stress.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Gene
- SlLsi1 and SlLsi2e0
- Outcome
- gene expressione0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased Si uptake in the shoots via the upregulation of low silicon (SlLsi1 and SlLsi2) gene expression under heat stress”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon stimulated heat shock protein expression and transcript accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Gene
- heat shock proteinse0
- Outcome
- expression and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteinse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si stimulated the expression and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins by upregulating heat transcription factors (Hsfs) such as SlHsfA1a-b, SlHsfA2-A3, and SlHsfA7 in tomato plants under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon upregulated named heat transcription factors under heat stress.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Gene
- SlHsfA1a-b, SlHsfA2-A3, and SlHsfA7e0
- Outcome
- heat transcription factors (Hsfs)e0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si stimulated the expression and transcript accumulation of heat shock proteins by upregulating heat transcription factors (Hsfs) such as SlHsfA1a-b, SlHsfA2-A3, and SlHsfA7 in tomato plants under heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon lowered salicylic acid concentration and biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid [SA]e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- concentration and biosynthesise0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytohormones (salicylic acid [SA]/abscisic acid [ABA]) exhibited a decrease in their concentration and biosynthesis following Si application”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon lowered abscisic acid concentration and biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid [ABA]e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- concentration and biosynthesise0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phytohormones (salicylic acid [SA]/abscisic acid [ABA]) exhibited a decrease in their concentration and biosynthesis following Si application”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
SA-related gene expression was downregulated after stress exposure.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SlR1b1, SlPR-P2, SlICS, and SlPALe0
- Outcome
- mRNA and gene expression levels for SAe0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mRNA and gene expression levels for SA (SlR1b1, SlPR-P2, SlICS, and SlPAL) and ABA (SlNCEDI) were downregulated after exposure to stress conditions”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA-related SlNCEDI expression was downregulated after stress exposure.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum L.Solanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- SlNCEDIe0
- Outcome
- mRNA and gene expression levels for SA (SlR1b1, SlPR-P2, SlICS, and SlPAL) and ABA (SlNCEDI)e0
- Direction
- downregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mRNA and gene expression levels for SA (SlR1b1, SlPR-P2, SlICS, and SlPAL) and ABA (SlNCEDI) were downregulated after exposure to stress conditions”
t0“Solanum lycopersicum L.”
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