Abstract
Growing concerns regarding soil acidification, excessive NPK use in agriculture, low calcium fertilizer input, and easy leaching have resulted in ubiquitous calcium deficiency, challenging crop productivity, and nutrient use efficiency. Here, two-year and two-stage pot experiments were designed to grow lettuce under simulated rainfall conditions, comparing polyhalite with conventional Ca fertilizers (calcium chloride and gypsum) at five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg·ha−1). In the two growing seasons, lettuce yield and biomass both significantly increased by 5–25% and 2–60%, respectively, across all fertilizer types and levels. Calcium nutrient uptake by lettuce and soil was promoted with the application of Ca fertilizers in acidic soils, which also increased Ca leaching in the soil-crop systems. Polyhalite showed better agronomic effects due to its slow release, promoting lettuce growth and productivity, and reducing Ca leaching by 3–26%. This study confirms the indispensability of Ca fertilizer application in improving crop production and nutrient uptake in acidic soils under intense leaching conditions, such as heavy rainfall or flood irrigation. Steady Ca supply, such as polyhalite, helps meet crop Ca requirements while decreasing leaching, thus achieving green and sustainable development goals by increasing crop yield and nutrient use efficiency in soil-crop systems.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce yield increased 5–25% across calcium fertilizer types and levels.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- Ca fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- lettuce yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5–25%e0
- Comparator
- 0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lettuce yield and biomass both significantly increased by 5–25% and 2–60%, respectively, across all fertilizer types and levels”
e1“comparing polyhalite with conventional Ca fertilizers (calcium chloride and gypsum) at five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg·ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lettuce biomass increased 2–60% across calcium fertilizer types and levels.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Ca fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2–60%e0
- Comparator
- 0e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lettuce yield and biomass both significantly increased by 5–25% and 2–60%, respectively, across all fertilizer types and levels”
e1“comparing polyhalite with conventional Ca fertilizers (calcium chloride and gypsum) at five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg·ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium fertilizers promoted lettuce calcium uptake in acidic soils.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Ca fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Calcium nutrient uptake by lettucee0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- 0e1
- Setting
- acidic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium nutrient uptake by lettuce and soil was promoted with the application of Ca fertilizers in acidic soils”
e1“at five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg·ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium fertilizers promoted soil calcium uptake in acidic soils.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Ca fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Calcium nutrient uptake by lettuce and soile0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Comparator
- 0e1
- Setting
- acidic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium nutrient uptake by lettuce and soil was promoted with the application of Ca fertilizers in acidic soils”
e1“at five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg·ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium fertilizer application increased calcium leaching in soil-crop systems.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- Ca leaching in the soil-crop systemse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0e2
- Setting
- acidic soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which also increased Ca leaching in the soil-crop systems”
e1“application of Ca fertilizers in acidic soils”
e2“at five levels (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg·ha−1)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyhalite promoted lettuce growth and productivity relative to conventional calcium fertilizers.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Polyhalitee0
- Outcome
- lettuce growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Comparator
- conventional Ca fertilizerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polyhalite showed better agronomic effects due to its slow release, promoting lettuce growth and productivity”
e1“comparing polyhalite with conventional Ca fertilizers (calcium chloride and gypsum)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyhalite reduced calcium leaching by 3–26%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Polyhalitee1
- Outcome
- Ca leachinge0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 3–26%e0
- Comparator
- conventional Ca fertilizerse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing Ca leaching by 3–26%”
e1“Polyhalite showed better agronomic effects”
e2“conventional Ca fertilizers (calcium chloride and gypsum)”
t0“lettuce”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend steady calcium supply such as polyhalite to meet crop requirements while decreasing leaching.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- Steady Ca supply, such as polyhalitee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Steady Ca supply, such as polyhalite, helps meet crop Ca requirements while decreasing leaching”
t0“lettuce”
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