Abstract
In India, vegetable production is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the growing population, and the extent of cultivated land is also limited. Therefore, the potential of vegetable production must be fully exploited through the intensification of improved agronomic practices. Among the different vegetables cultivated in India, vegetable cowpea or yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.) holds an important place due to its high nutritional value and wide consumer preference, making yield and quality significant factors. The paper aims to optimise nutrient sources for improving growth, yield, and quality of yardlong bean. A field experiment was conducted during June 2024 at the Olericulture Block of Sri Krishnadevaraya College of Horticultural Sciences, Ananthapuramu, to evaluate the effects of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers, biochar and bioinoculants on the growth and yield of yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis L.) under semi-arid conditions. The trial was laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with 18 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments included control, rhizobium inoculation, different levels of NPK, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, biochar and their various combinations. Significant variation was observed among treatments for vegetative, reproductive and yield traits. The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant. It also produced the longest pods (54.76 cm), greatest pod girth (3.28 cm), maximum pod weight (15.32 g), highest number of seeds per pod (12.82) and the maximum yield (3812.37 kg ha-1). In contrast, the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters. The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions. From the present study, it can be concluded that the application of organic manures or inorganic fertilizers alone did not produce significant improvements in the growth and yield parameters of yard long bean. Treatments involving organic fertilizers showed better performance than the control, while increasing fertilizer dosage further enhanced growth and yield attributes.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 (35:70:35 NPK kg/ha + 4 t/ha biochar) gave the maximum vine length in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long bean
Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3 - Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- vine lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 532.87 cme1
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the maximum leaf area index in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 3.42e1
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the maximum dry matter production in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- dry matter productione1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 2632.17 g plant-1e1
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the minimum days to flowering in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- days to floweringe1
- Direction
- minimume1
- Value
- 32.96 dayse1
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the highest number of leaves per plant in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 219.76e1
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the highest number of pods per plant in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- podse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 66.3e1
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the longest pods in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- longest podse4
- Direction
- longeste4
- Value
- 54.76 cme4
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
e4“It also produced the longest pods (54.76 cm), greatest pod girth (3.28 cm), maximum pod weight (15.32 g), highest number of seeds per pod (12.82) and the maximum yield (3812.37 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the greatest pod girth in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- pod girthe4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Value
- 3.28 cme4
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
e4“It also produced the longest pods (54.76 cm), greatest pod girth (3.28 cm), maximum pod weight (15.32 g), highest number of seeds per pod (12.82) and the maximum yield (3812.37 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the maximum pod weight in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- pod weighte4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 15.32 ge4
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
e4“It also produced the longest pods (54.76 cm), greatest pod girth (3.28 cm), maximum pod weight (15.32 g), highest number of seeds per pod (12.82) and the maximum yield (3812.37 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the highest number of seeds per pod in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- seeds per pode4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 12.82e4
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
e4“It also produced the longest pods (54.76 cm), greatest pod girth (3.28 cm), maximum pod weight (15.32 g), highest number of seeds per pod (12.82) and the maximum yield (3812.37 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T18 gave the maximum yield in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Treatment
- 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 3812.37 kg ha-1e4
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The treatment T₁₈ (35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 + 4 t ha-1 biochar) recorded the maximum vine length (532.87 cm), leaf area index (3.42), dry matter production (2632.17 g plant-1), minimum days to flowering (32.96 days) and the highest number of leaves (219.76) and pods (66.3) per plant”
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
e4“It also produced the longest pods (54.76 cm), greatest pod girth (3.28 cm), maximum pod weight (15.32 g), highest number of seeds per pod (12.82) and the maximum yield (3812.37 kg ha-1)”
Claim · model-written summary
The control recorded the lowest values across yard long bean parameters.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise3
- Outcome
- values across parameterse2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Comparator
- controle2
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the control (T₁) consistently recorded the lowest values across parameters”
e3“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures or inorganic fertilizers alone gave no significant improvement in yard long bean growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- the application of organic manures or inorganic fertilizers alonee1
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the application of organic manures or inorganic fertilizers alone did not produce significant improvements in the growth and yield parameters of yard long bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments with organic fertilizers performed better than the control in yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise2
- Treatment
- Treatments involving organic fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- performancee1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatments involving organic fertilizers showed better performance than the control, while increasing fertilizer dosage further enhanced growth and yield attributes”
e2“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing fertilizer dosage further enhanced growth and yield attributes of yard long bean.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise2
- Treatment
- increasing fertilizer dosagee1
- Outcome
- growth and yield attributese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatments involving organic fertilizers showed better performance than the control, while increasing fertilizer dosage further enhanced growth and yield attributes”
e2“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg/ha with 4 t/ha biochar is highly effective for growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions.
- Taxon
- yard long beanVigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalise1
- Treatment
- integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochare1
- Outcome
- growth and yield performancee1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
- Setting
- semi-arid conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The findings clearly demonstrate that the integrated application of 35:70:35 NPK kg ha-1 with 4 t ha-1 biochar is highly effective in enhancing growth and yield performance of yard long bean under semi-arid conditions”
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