Abstract
Abstract Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.), a primary contributor to the worldwide sugar market, suffers severely from powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe betae , which reduces the photosynthetic efficiency and therewith yields. This study presents molecular docking analysis and randomized complete block design (RCBD) field trials with nutrient foliar sprays to identify disease management strategies. The interaction study in silico analysis using AutoDock Vina indicated tight-binding interactions of metal sulfates with the chitinase enzyme that degrades the fungal cell wall, where the metal sulfates MgSO 4 (-4.03 kcal/mol) and ZnSO 4 (-3.88 kcal/mol) exhibited significant inhibitory effects. Under natural infection conditions for field validation, a significant reduction in disease severity was observed using copper sulfate (81.56% reduction), comparable to a commercial fungicide. Foliar applications of nutrients improved agronomic traits. Root yield increased by 38% and total sugar yield by 90% compared to un-treated controls. Biochemical analysis revealed significantly enhanced defense responses, including elevated levels of total phenols (76% increase with Copper Sulphate), increased enzymatic activities (peroxidase up to 0.482 U/min/g and catalase up to 0.725 U/min/g), higher protein content (up to 11.29 mg/g), and enhanced proline accumulation (up to 3.54 mg/g) compared to controls. This study highlights the promise of nutrient foliar applications as an environmentally sustainable approach that could replace conventional fungicides to control powdery mildew in sugar beet production.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Docking indicated tight binding of metal sulfates to chitinase.
- Taxon
- Sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1 - Gene
- chitinase enzymee0
- Outcome
- tight-binding interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tight-binding interactions of metal sulfates with the chitinase enzyme that degrades the fungal cell wall”
e1“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Docking estimated MgSO 4 inhibitory binding at -4.03 kcal/mol.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- MgSO 4e0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse0
- Value
- -4.03 kcal/mole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgSO 4 (-4.03 kcal/mol) and ZnSO 4 (-3.88 kcal/mol) exhibited significant inhibitory effects”
e1“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Docking estimated ZnSO 4 inhibitory binding at -3.88 kcal/mol.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Compound
- ZnSO 4e0
- Outcome
- inhibitory effectse0
- Value
- -3.88 kcal/mole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MgSO 4 (-4.03 kcal/mol) and ZnSO 4 (-3.88 kcal/mol) exhibited significant inhibitory effects”
e1“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper sulfate reduced powdery mildew disease severity by 81.56%, comparably to commercial fungicide.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- copper sulfatee0
- Interactor
- Erysiphe betae
Erysiphe betaee2pathogen - Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 81.56% reductione0
- Comparator
- commercial fungicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant reduction in disease severity was observed using copper sulfate (81.56% reduction), comparable to a commercial fungicide”
e1“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e2“powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe betae”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nutrient applications improved agronomic traits.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse0
- Outcome
- agronomic traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- un-treated controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar applications of nutrients improved agronomic traits”
e1“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e2“compared to un-treated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nutrients increased root yield by 38% over untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse1
- Outcome
- Root yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- un-treated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root yield increased by 38% and total sugar yield by 90% compared to un-treated controls”
e1“Foliar applications of nutrients”
e2“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar nutrients increased total sugar yield by 90% over untreated controls.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse1
- Outcome
- total sugar yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Comparator
- un-treated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root yield increased by 38% and total sugar yield by 90% compared to un-treated controls”
e1“Foliar applications of nutrients”
e2“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper Sulphate increased total phenols by 76%.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Copper Sulphatee0
- Outcome
- total phenolse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 76%e0
- Comparator
- controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated levels of total phenols (76% increase with Copper Sulphate)”
e1“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e2“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient sprays increased peroxidase activity up to 0.482 U/min/g.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse1
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.482 U/min/ge0
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased enzymatic activities (peroxidase up to 0.482 U/min/g and catalase up to 0.725 U/min/g)”
e1“Foliar applications of nutrients”
e2“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e3“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient sprays increased catalase activity up to 0.725 U/min/g.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse1
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.725 U/min/ge0
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased enzymatic activities (peroxidase up to 0.482 U/min/g and catalase up to 0.725 U/min/g)”
e1“Foliar applications of nutrients”
e2“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e3“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient sprays raised protein content up to 11.29 mg/g.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse1
- Outcome
- protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 11.29 mg/ge0
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher protein content (up to 11.29 mg/g)”
e1“Foliar applications of nutrients”
e2“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e3“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient sprays enhanced proline accumulation up to 3.54 mg/g.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise2
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of nutrientse1
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 3.54 mg/ge0
- Comparator
- controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced proline accumulation (up to 3.54 mg/g)”
e1“Foliar applications of nutrients”
e2“Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. saccharum, L.)”
e3“compared to controls”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest nutrient sprays could replace conventional fungicides for powdery mildew control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Outcome
- could replace conventional fungicides to control powdery mildewe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient foliar applications as an environmentally sustainable approach that could replace conventional fungicides to control powdery mildew in sugar beet production”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.