Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity represents a significant form of abiotic stress that negatively affects plant development, photosynthesis, and cellular metabolism. This study evaluated the protective effects of calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles (Ca-NPs) against B toxicity in hydroponically grown rice seedlings. Seedlings were exposed to 1 mM B, with or without Ca-NPs (at a concentration of 100 mg L − 1 ) supplementation. Excess B significantly inhibited seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and led to excessive B accumulation in shoots and roots. It also triggered oxidative stress and disrupted antioxidant balance. Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Furthermore, Ca-NPs regulated proline metabolism by upregulating P5CS and P5CR while suppressing ProDH activity, thereby enhancing osmoprotection. In root tissues, NPs increased pectin content and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity while reducing pectin-degrading enzymes, contributing to balanced cell wall remodeling and reduced B toxicity. These results demonstrate that Ca-NPs confer multi-layered protection against B stress by modulating physiological, biochemical, and cell wall traits, providing a potential nanotechnology-based strategy for improving plant tolerance to micronutrient toxicity.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron significantly inhibited rice seedling growth.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Excess Be0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess B significantly inhibited seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and led to excessive B accumulation in shoots and roots.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Excess Be0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess B significantly inhibited seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and led to excessive B accumulation in shoots and roots.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron caused excessive boron accumulation in shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Excess Be0
- Outcome
- B accumulation in shoots and rootse0
- Direction
- excessivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess B significantly inhibited seedling growth, reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and led to excessive B accumulation in shoots and roots.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron triggered oxidative stress and disrupted antioxidant balance.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Be0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress and disrupted antioxidant balancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also triggered oxidative stress and disrupted antioxidant balance.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles enhanced shoot and root growth under boron stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- shoot and root growthe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles restored pigment content under boron stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- pigment contente0
- Direction
- restoringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles reduced boron accumulation under boron stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- B accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles increased catalase levels.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles increased peroxidase levels.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles increased reduced glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse1
- Outcome
- reduced glutathione (GSH) levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Ca-NPs treatment mitigated these effects by enhancing shoot and root growth, restoring pigment content, reducing B accumulation, and enhancing antioxidant defense through increased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles upregulated P5CS and P5CR.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse0
- Gene
- P5CS and P5CRe0
- Outcome
- P5CS and P5CRe0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs regulated proline metabolism by upregulating P5CS and P5CR while suppressing ProDH activity”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium–L-aspartate nanoparticles suppressed ProDH activity.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ca-NPse0
- Gene
- ProDHe0
- Outcome
- ProDH activitye0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca-NPs regulated proline metabolism by upregulating P5CS and P5CR while suppressing ProDH activity”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles increased root pectin content and pectin methylesterase activity.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- pectin content and pectin methylesterase (PME) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In root tissues, NPs increased pectin content and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity while reducing pectin-degrading enzymes”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles reduced root pectin-degrading enzymes.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- pectin-degrading enzymese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In root tissues, NPs increased pectin content and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity while reducing pectin-degrading enzymes”
t0“rice seedlings”
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