Abstract
The growth and development of rice face many issues, including its exposure to high soil salinity. This issue can be alleviated using new approaches to overwhelm the factors that restrict rice productivity. The objective of our investigation was the usage of the rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas koreensis and Bacillus coagulans) as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nano-silicon, which could be a positive technology to cope with the problems raised by soil salinity in addition to improvement the morpho-physiological properties, and productivity of two rice varieties (i.e., Giza 177 as salt-sensitive and Giza 179 as salt-tolerant). The findings stated that the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease), root length, leaf area index, photosynthesis pigments, K+ ions, relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (gs) while resulted in the reduction of Na+, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content. All these improvements are due to increased antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), which decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) under soil salinity in rice plants compared to the other treatments. Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake. In conclusion, both PGPRs and nano-Si had stimulating effects that mitigated the salinity-deleterious effects and encouraged plant growth, and, therefore, enhanced the grain yield.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si produced the highest soil dehydrogenase and urease activities.
- Taxon
- Rice Plants
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- combined PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease)”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si produced the highest root length and leaf area index.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- root length, leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease), root length, leaf area index”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si produced the highest photosynthesis pigment levels and K+ ions.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis pigments, K+ ionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity (dehydrogenase and urease), root length, leaf area index, photosynthesis pigments, K+ ions”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si produced the highest relative water content and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined PGPRs and nano-Sie1
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (gs)e0
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative water content (RWC), and stomatal conductance (gs)”
t0“Rice Plants”
e1“the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si resulted in the highest soil enzymes activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si reduced Na+, electrolyte leakage, and proline content.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined PGPRs and nano-Sie1
- Outcome
- Na+, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in the reduction of Na+, electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content.”
t0“Rice Plants”
e1“the application of combined PGPRs and nano-Si”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and POD increased under the combined treatment.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combined PGPRs and nano-Sie1
- Gene
- catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD)”
t0“Rice Plants”
e1“combined PGPRs and nano-Si”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher antioxidant activity decreased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde under rice salinity.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Gene
- antioxidant enzymes activitye1
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under soil salinitye0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) under soil salinity in rice plants compared to the other treatments.”
e1“increased antioxidant enzymes activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si significantly raised grain number per panicle in Giza 177 compared with untreated Giza 179.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Material
- Giza 177e0
- Treatment
- Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- number of grains/paniclese0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Comparator
- Giza 179e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si significantly raised 1000 grain weight in Giza 177 compared with untreated Giza 179.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Material
- Giza 177e0
- Treatment
- Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- 1000 grain weighte0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Comparator
- Giza 179e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si significantly raised grain yield in Giza 177 compared with untreated Giza 179.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Material
- Giza 177e0
- Treatment
- Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Comparator
- Giza 179e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined PGPRs and nano-Si significantly raised nutrient uptake in Giza 177 compared with untreated Giza 179.
- Taxon
- Rice PlantsOryza sativat0
- Material
- Giza 177e0
- Treatment
- Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Sie0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Comparator
- Giza 179e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of PGPRs and nano-Si to Giza 177 significantly surpassed Giza 179, which was neither treated with PGPR nor nano-Si in the main yield components (number of grains/panicles, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield as well as nutrient uptake.”
t0“Rice Plants”
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