Abstract
Water stress is considered one of the most environmental hazards that threaten agricultural productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of biochar (6 t ha−1 as soil amendment), ZnO NPs (50 mg L−1 as foliar application), and their combination on growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice grown under four irrigation deficit treatments (i.e., irrigation every 3, 6, 9 and 12 d). The irrigation every 3 d was considered as the control in the current study. For this purpose, biochar was prepared through the pyrolysis of corn stalk and rice husk at 350 °C for 3 h, while sonochemical combined with the precipitation method was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from zinc acetate. The morphological structures of the produced biochar and ZnO NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 gas adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d). In conclusion, the combination of biochar and ZnO NPs could be recommended as an optimal approach to maximize both grain yield ha−1 and WUE of rice.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected chlorophyll content; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected relative water content; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected plant height; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected leaf area index; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected number of panicles m−2; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- number of panicles m−2e0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected number of filled grain per panicle; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- number of filled grain per paniclee0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected 1000-grain weight; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected biological and grain yield ha−1; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- biological and grain yield ha−1e0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar plus ZnO NPs under 9-day irrigation positively affected grain yield ha−1; the result was not significantly different from the 3-day irrigation control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- grain yield ha−1e0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigated every 9 dayse0
- Comparator
- control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m−2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha−1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined biochar and ZnO NPs to maximize rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- maximize both grain yield ha−1 and WUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of biochar and ZnO NPs could be recommended as an optimal approach to maximize both grain yield ha−1 and WUE of rice”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.