Abstract
Researchers have repeatedly emphasized how urgently we have to decrease the massive nitrogen fertilizer consumption to support agricultural productivity and maintain a sustainable ecosystem. Using chitosan (CS) as a carrier for slow release is considered a potential tool for reducing synthetic fertilizer and improving crop productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design to investigate the effects of seven treatments including synthetic fertilizer and exogenous application of chitosan-based NPK nano-structure (Ch/NPs-NPK) on growth, productivity, and nutrient uptake traits of rice as a worldwide strategy crop during 2022 and 2023 growing seasons. The experimental treatments were: T1 = full recommended synthetic NPK (recommended urea, superphosphate, potassium sulfate; control treatment), T2 = 70% of T1 + Ch/NPs-NPK 100 ppm, T3 = 70% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 200 ppm, T4 = 70% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm, T5 = 30% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 100 ppm, T6 = 30% of T1+ Ch/NPs-NPK 200 ppm, and T7 = 30% of T1 + Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm. The results revealed that T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments. Therefore, combining 70% of recommended NPK with Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm as an exogenous application can be a smart choice for reducing synthetic NPK fertilizers by 30% in paddy fields without producing a significant decline in terms of growth, yield characteristics, or nutrient grain contents when applying the full recommended synthetic NPK.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest significant rice growth traits compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppme0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest significant rice yield traits compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppme0
- Outcome
- yield traitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 gave the highest significant rice grain nutrient contents compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppme0
- Outcome
- nutrient grain contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full recommended synthetic NPK gave the highest significant rice growth traits compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- full recommended synthetic NPKe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full recommended synthetic NPK gave the highest significant rice yield traits compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- full recommended synthetic NPKe0
- Outcome
- yield traitse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Full recommended synthetic NPK gave the highest significant rice grain nutrient contents compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- full recommended synthetic NPKe0
- Outcome
- nutrient grain contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T4 (i.e., 70% of recommended NPK+ Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm) and T1 (full recommended synthetic NPK) resulted in the highest and most significant growth and yield traits of rice as well as nutrient grain contents compared to other treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 70% synthetic NPK plus Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm to reduce synthetic fertilizer 30% without significant declines in rice growth, yield or grain nutrients relative to full NPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 70% of recommended NPK with Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppme0
- Outcome
- reducing synthetic NPK fertilizers by 30%e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- full recommended synthetic NPKe0
- Setting
- paddy fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combining 70% of recommended NPK with Ch/NPs-NPK 300 ppm as an exogenous application can be a smart choice for reducing synthetic NPK fertilizers by 30% in paddy fields without producing a significant decline in terms of growth, yield characteristics, or nutrient grain contents when applying the full recommended synthetic NPK.”
t0“rice”
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