Abstract
Abstract Rice paddies are a major, persistent source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ), emission rates depend on the partitioning of photosynthate carbon between the rice plant and the rhizosphere microbiome. Although ratoon season rice (RR) is shown to emit far less CH 4 than main‐crop rice (MC), the mechanisms have remained unresolved. This work conducts a 2‐year field experiment in which RR is compared with MC and with late rice (LR) synchronized to the RR heading stage. Relative to MC and LR, RR lowers daily CH 4 flux by 91%, raises daily grain yield by 34%–57%, and increases net economic return by 90%–136%. Mechanistically, 13 C‐labelling reveals that RR diverted more newly fixed carbon to the grain and less to the rhizosphere, thereby restricting acetate availability for methanogens. Rhizosphere metagenomics show reduced abundance of Methanobacteriaceae and down‐regulation of methanogenic genes in RR. This carbon‐reallocation pattern is underpinned by an abscisic acid (ABA)‐mediated interaction between OsCIPK2 and OsSWEET1A, which simultaneously curtailed carbon efflux from roots and enhanced grain filling. This study is the first to establish a comprehensive framework of “ABA regulation—carbon allocation—microbial function—emission reduction and efficiency enhancement.” It provides targetable strategies for carbon allocation and microbial management within climate‐smart rice farming systems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Ratoon season rice lowered daily CH4 flux by 91% relative to main-crop rice and late rice in a 2-year field experiment.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- RRe0
- Outcome
- daily CH 4 fluxe0
- Direction
- lowerse0
- Value
- 91%e0
- Comparator
- MC and LRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Relative to MC and LR, RR lowers daily CH 4 flux by 91%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ratoon season rice raised daily grain yield by 34%-57% relative to main-crop rice and late rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RRe0
- Outcome
- daily grain yielde0
- Direction
- raisese0
- Value
- 34%–57%e0
- Comparator
- MC and LRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Relative to MC and LR, RR lowers daily CH 4 flux by 91%, raises daily grain yield by 34%–57%, and increases net economic return by 90%–136%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ratoon season rice increased net economic return by 90%-136% relative to main-crop rice and late rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RRe0
- Outcome
- net economic returne0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 90%–136%e0
- Comparator
- MC and LRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Relative to MC and LR, RR lowers daily CH 4 flux by 91%, raises daily grain yield by 34%–57%, and increases net economic return by 90%–136%”
Claim · model-written summary
13C-labelling showed that ratoon season rice diverted more newly fixed carbon to the grain.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RRe0
- Outcome
- newly fixed carbone0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- to the graine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“RR diverted more newly fixed carbon to the grain and less to the rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
13C-labelling showed that ratoon season rice diverted less newly fixed carbon to the rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- RRe0
- Outcome
- newly fixed carbone0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- to the rhizospheree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“RR diverted more newly fixed carbon to the grain and less to the rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
The carbon diversion restricted acetate availability for methanogens in the rhizosphere of ratoon season rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- methanogense0other
- Outcome
- acetate availability for methanogense0
- Qualifier
- diverted more newly fixed carbon to the grain and less to the rhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“RR diverted more newly fixed carbon to the grain and less to the rhizosphere, thereby restricting acetate availability for methanogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere metagenomics showed reduced abundance of Methanobacteriaceae in ratoon season rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- MethanobacteriaceaeMethanobacteriaceaee0other
- Outcome
- abundancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“Rhizosphere metagenomics show reduced abundance of Methanobacteriaceae”
Claim · model-written summary
Methanogenic genes were down-regulated in the rhizosphere of ratoon season rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- methanogenic genese0
- Outcome
- methanogenic genese0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“methanogenic genes in RR”
Claim · model-written summary
An abscisic acid-mediated interaction between OsCIPK2 and OsSWEET1A curtailed carbon efflux from roots and enhanced grain filling.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- OsCIPK2 and OsSWEET1Ae0
- Compound
- abscisic acid (ABA)e1
- Outcome
- carbon efflux from rootse0
- Qualifier
- enhanced grain fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice”
e0“interaction between OsCIPK2 and OsSWEET1A, which simultaneously curtailed carbon efflux from roots and enhanced grain filling”
e1“abscisic acid (ABA)”
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