Abstract
Rice is the main food crop for over half of the global population. Lodging represents a critical yet unpredictable factor threatening rice production security and agricultural water resource utilization efficiency. Rice lodging is affected by many factors, such as alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD) or elevated ozone concentration (E[O 3 ]). However, the combined effect of E[O 3 ] and AWD on lodging of rice remains unclear. Here, we investigate whether mild AWD can impact the response of lodging resistance and stem-related traits of indica rice to E[O 3 ] using an open-top chamber (OTC) system under field condition in 2023–2024. The experiment involved two levels of [O 3 ] (A[O 3 ], ambient; E[O 3 ], 60 ppb above ambient) and two irrigation methods (FL, flooding irrigation; mild AWD). The results showed that E[O 3 ] significantly increased the lodging index of second basal internode by 16.4 %-34.2 % as a result of decreasing the values of key parameters such as breaking resistance and dry weight per unit length. Mild AWD significantly reduced the lodging index by 10.4 %-20.6 % for second basal internode and 12.1 %-17.0 % for third basal internode, which was attributed to enhanced breaking resistance, dry weight per unit length, long and short axis diameter in basal internodes. Furthermore, no significant interaction was found between [O 3 ] and irrigation methods on lodging index of rice, indicating that mild AWD cannot completely mitigate the lodging risk induced by ozone. The findings indicate that the risk of O 3 -induced lodging in rice may persist even if eco-friendly management practices such as mild AWD are employed. • Yield is negatively correlated with the lodging index. • O 3 increased lodging risk due to thinner internode and lower stem density. • Mild AWD reduced lodging risk as a result of thicker internodes and higher stem density. • Mild AWD cannot completely mitigate the lodging risk induced by elevated ozone concentration.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone raised the second basal internode lodging index by 16.4 %-34.2 %.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- E[O 3 ]e0
- Outcome
- lodging index of second basal internodee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.4 %-34.2 %e0
- Comparator
- A[O 3 ], ambiente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“E[O 3 ] significantly increased the lodging index of second basal internode by 16.4 %-34.2 %”
t0“lodging risk of rice”
e1“A[O 3 ], ambient”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone decreased breaking resistance and dry weight per unit length.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- E[O 3 ]e1
- Outcome
- breaking resistance and dry weight per unit lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as a result of decreasing the values of key parameters such as breaking resistance and dry weight per unit length.”
t0“lodging risk of rice”
e1“E[O 3 ], 60 ppb above ambient”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild AWD reduced the second basal internode lodging index by 10.4 %-20.6 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- second basal internodee0
- Treatment
- Mild AWDe0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.4 %-20.6 %e0
- Comparator
- FL, flooding irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mild AWD significantly reduced the lodging index by 10.4 %-20.6 % for second basal internode and 12.1 %-17.0 % for third basal internode”
t0“lodging risk of rice”
e1“FL, flooding irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild AWD reduced the third basal internode lodging index by 12.1 %-17.0 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- third basal internodee0
- Treatment
- Mild AWDe0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 12.1 %-17.0 %e0
- Comparator
- FL, flooding irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mild AWD significantly reduced the lodging index by 10.4 %-20.6 % for second basal internode and 12.1 %-17.0 % for third basal internode”
t0“lodging risk of rice”
e1“FL, flooding irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild AWD enhanced internode breaking resistance, weight and diameters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mild AWDe1
- Outcome
- breaking resistance, dry weight per unit length, long and short axis diametere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced breaking resistance, dry weight per unit length, long and short axis diameter in basal internodes.”
t0“lodging risk of rice”
e1“mild AWD). The results showed”
Claim · model-written summary
Ozone and irrigation showed no significant interaction for rice lodging index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- irrigation methodse0
- Outcome
- lodging indexe0
- Direction
- no significant interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant interaction was found between [O 3 ] and irrigation methods on lodging index of rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was negatively correlated with lodging index.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- lodging indexe0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield is negatively correlated with the lodging index.”
t0“lodging risk of rice”
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