Abstract
Long-term cold stress during early spring transplantation induced early flowering in KRK26, a physiological response closely associated with reduced yield and quality of the flue-cured tobacco. A two-year field experiment was conducted across three locations and three transplanting periods to evaluate the agronomic traits of tobacco plants, the appearance quality and sensory quality of the flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the early-transplanted plants were significantly inhibited in their growth and development as well as in the quality of the tobacco leaves due to the impact of low-temperature stress. To further explore the molecular regulatory mechanism of cold-induced early flowering on the quality of tobacco plants, a positioning experiment and greenhouse simulation experiment were carried out in 2024. The results showed that the early-transplanted plants experienced a long period of low-temperature exposure (<10°C), exhibited significant dwarfing, early flowering, and a significant reduction in the first-class leaf yield compared to those transplanted later. Long-term cold stress disrupted redox homeostasis, as evidenced by decreased glutathione levels and reduced activities of key antioxidant enzymes (POD and MDHAR), while increasing levels of oxidized ascorbate derivatives (DHA and MDHA). Transcriptomic analyses revealed downregulation of cytoplasmic translation processes, accompanied by activation of circadian rhythm and gibberellin homeostasis pathways. Importantly, WGBS identified methylation difference (predominantly CpG/CHG contexts) within regulatory regions of key genes, despite unchanged global methylation levels. This targeted hypomethylation resulted in transcriptional activation of key flowering regulators, including the age-pathway genes NtSPL5a and NtAP1La . In conclusion, long-term cold stress triggers early flowering and yield loss in KRK26 primarily through hypomethylation-mediated epigenetic activation of expression of key genes related to flowering. This process is further compounded by transcriptomic reprogramming and disruption of the ROS system imbalance. These findings provide a molecular foundation for developing strategies to mitigate cold-induced yield reduction in tobacco cultivation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Early transplantation under low temperature significantly inhibited tobacco growth.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacum
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- early-transplantede0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-transplanted plants were significantly inhibited in their growth and development”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Early transplantation under low temperature reduced tobacco leaf quality.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- early-transplantede0
- Outcome
- quality of the tobacco leavese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-transplanted plants were significantly inhibited in their growth and development as well as in the quality of the tobacco leaves due to the impact of low-temperature stress”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold exposure caused significant dwarfing in early-transplanted plants.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- low-temperature exposure (<10°C)e0
- Outcome
- dwarfinge0
- Direction
- dwarfinge0
- Comparator
- those transplanted latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-transplanted plants experienced a long period of low-temperature exposure (<10°C), exhibited significant dwarfing, early flowering, and a significant reduction in the first-class leaf yield compared to those transplanted later”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold exposure induced early flowering in early-transplanted plants.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- low-temperature exposure (<10°C)e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earlye0
- Comparator
- those transplanted latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-transplanted plants experienced a long period of low-temperature exposure (<10°C), exhibited significant dwarfing, early flowering, and a significant reduction in the first-class leaf yield compared to those transplanted later”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold exposure significantly reduced first-class leaf yield relative to later transplantation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- low-temperature exposure (<10°C)e0
- Outcome
- first-class leaf yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- those transplanted latere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early-transplanted plants experienced a long period of low-temperature exposure (<10°C), exhibited significant dwarfing, early flowering, and a significant reduction in the first-class leaf yield compared to those transplanted later”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold stress decreased glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- Long-term cold stresse0
- Outcome
- glutathione levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long-term cold stress disrupted redox homeostasis, as evidenced by decreased glutathione levels”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold stress reduced POD and MDHAR antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- Long-term cold stresse0
- Gene
- POD and MDHARe0
- Outcome
- activities of key antioxidant enzymes (POD and MDHAR)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long-term cold stress disrupted redox homeostasis, as evidenced by decreased glutathione levels and reduced activities of key antioxidant enzymes (POD and MDHAR)”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Long cold stress increased oxidized ascorbate derivative levels.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- Long-term cold stresse0
- Outcome
- levels of oxidized ascorbate derivatives (DHA and MDHA)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long-term cold stress disrupted redox homeostasis, as evidenced by decreased glutathione levels and reduced activities of key antioxidant enzymes (POD and MDHAR), while increasing levels of oxidized ascorbate derivatives (DHA and MDHA)”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure downregulated cytoplasmic translation processes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Treatment
- cold stresse1
- Outcome
- cytoplasmic translation processese0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptomic analyses revealed downregulation of cytoplasmic translation processes”
e1“Long-term cold stress disrupted redox homeostasis”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure activated circadian rhythm and gibberellin homeostasis pathways.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt1
- Material
- KRK26t1
- Treatment
- chilled stresst0
- Outcome
- circadian rhythm and gibberellin homeostasis pathwayse0
- Direction
- activatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activation of circadian rhythm and gibberellin homeostasis pathways”
t0“chilled stress”
t1“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold exposure produced methylation differences mainly in CpG and CHG contexts in regulatory regions of key genes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Outcome
- methylation difference (predominantly CpG/CHG contexts)e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WGBS identified methylation difference (predominantly CpG/CHG contexts) within regulatory regions of key genes”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Global methylation levels remained unchanged.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Outcome
- global methylation levelse0
- Direction
- unchangede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite unchanged global methylation levels”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
Targeted hypomethylation activated transcription of NtSPL5a and NtAP1La.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26t0
- Gene
- NtSPL5a and NtAP1Lae0
- Outcome
- transcriptional activatione0
- Qualifier
- targeted hypomethylatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This targeted hypomethylation resulted in transcriptional activation of key flowering regulators, including the age-pathway genes NtSPL5a and NtAP1La”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute cold-induced early flowering and yield loss mainly to hypomethylation-mediated activation of flowering genes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana tabacumNicotiana tabacumt0
- Material
- KRK26e0
- Treatment
- long-term cold stresse0
- Outcome
- early flowering and yield losse0
- Qualifier
- hypomethylation-mediated epigenetic activatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“long-term cold stress triggers early flowering and yield loss in KRK26 primarily through hypomethylation-mediated epigenetic activation of expression of key genes related to flowering”
t0“Nicotiana tabacum cv. KRK26”
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