Abstract
ABSTRACT The study aimed to optimize the rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) fertilization in dryland chickpea. A 2‐year study was conducted to analyze the chickpea responses to N (0, 25, and 50 kg ha −1 ), P 2 O 5 (0, 30, and 60 kg ha −1 ), and Zn (0, 10, and 20 kg ha −1 ) using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique. The optimization of fertilizer application was conducted using three approaches: economic, environmental, and economic‐environmental (integrated). There was more and better‐distributed precipitation in the first year compared to the second year. Increasing the N rate in the first year improved seed yield and increased the content of protein, phosphorus, and zinc in seeds, while the crop's response to N in the second year was lower. Phosphorus improved seed yield in the first year but had no effect on it in the second year. Zn positively affected seed yield in both years. Comparing the optimization methods indicated that the integrated approach was most successful. This approach decreased fertilizer usage significantly compared to the economic approach and resulted in higher seed yield than the environmental approach. According to the integrated approach, the optimal amounts of N, P 2 O 5 , and Zn to be used were 26, 16, and 8 kg ha −1 , respectively, in the high rainfall year, and 13, 0, and 4 kg ha −1 in the low rainfall year. The findings indicated that by incorporating economic and environmental considerations, a low‐input fertilization strategy could be implemented to achieve satisfactory yields in chickpea dryland farming.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
More precipitation was better distributed in the first year than the second.
- Taxon
- Chickpea
Cicer arietinumt0 - Outcome
- precipitatione0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- the second yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was more and better‐distributed precipitation in the first year compared to the second year.”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen improved first-year chickpea seed yield.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing the N ratee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the N rate in the first year improved seed yield”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen raised first-year seed protein, phosphorus and zinc content.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Increasing the N ratee0
- Outcome
- content of protein, phosphorus, and zinc in seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the N rate in the first year improved seed yield and increased the content of protein, phosphorus, and zinc in seeds”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chickpea response to nitrogen was lower in the second year.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- the crop's response to Ne0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- in the second yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the crop's response to N in the second year was lower”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus improved first-year seed yield.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- in the first yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus improved seed yield in the first year but had no effect on it in the second year.”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus had no effect on second-year seed yield.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- in the second yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus improved seed yield in the first year but had no effect on it in the second year.”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc positively affected seed yield in both years.
- Taxon
- ChickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Zne0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
- Qualifier
- in both yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn positively affected seed yield in both years.”
t0“Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated optimization approach was most successful.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Comparing the optimization methods indicated that the integrated approach was most successful.”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated approach significantly decreased fertilizer use relative to the economic approach.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“This approach decreased fertilizer usage significantly compared to the economic approach”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated approach yielded more seed than the environmental approach.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“resulted in higher seed yield than the environmental approach”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated optimization selected 26 kg ha −1 nitrogen for the high rainfall year.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the optimal amounts of N, P 2 O 5 , and Zn to be used were 26, 16, and 8 kg ha −1 , respectively, in the high rainfall year”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated optimization selected 13, 0 and 4 kg ha −1 of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc for the low rainfall year.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“13, 0, and 4 kg ha −1 in the low rainfall year”
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