Abstract
As global temperatures and the severity of droughts continue to increase, food crops will more frequently experience high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during heatwave events. However, the interactive effects of rising atmospheric CO2 and high-VPD heatwaves on crop water fluxes and yields are currently unknown. We investigate stomatal, photosynthetic and productivity changes in wheat during simulated future high-VPD heatwaves, under ambient (450 ppm) or elevated (720 ppm) CO2 concentrations, across four N-fertiliser treatments. We measured the physiological response of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces to elevated CO2 concentration and/or high-VPD heatwave exposure, and quantified drought responses, seasonal water usage and ear weight. Transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gsw) increased during high-VPD heatwaves (irrespective of CO2 concentration or N-fertiliser), largely due to increased water fluxes from abaxial leaf surfaces. Higher E and water usage increased wheat vulnerability to drought and led to reduced total ear weight. High-VPD heatwaves also hindered stomatal responses to light, with gsw only reducing by 37–38% after 1 h of dark treatment. Our results show that wheat stomata are inhibited from closing under future high CO2, high-VPD heatwave conditions. This has considerable implications for future wheat water requirements, which in-turn could significantly impact drought susceptibility and yield potential.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration increased during high-VPD heatwaves regardless of CO2 or fertiliser.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- high-VPD heatwavese0
- Outcome
- Transpiration (E)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- irrespective of CO2 concentration or N-fertilisere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gsw) increased during high-VPD heatwaves (irrespective of CO2 concentration or N-fertiliser)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance increased during high-VPD heatwaves regardless of CO2 or fertiliser.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high-VPD heatwavese0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (gsw)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transpiration (E) and stomatal conductance (gsw) increased during high-VPD heatwaves (irrespective of CO2 concentration or N-fertiliser)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Abaxial leaf surface water fluxes increased during heatwaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- abaxial leaf surfacese0
- Treatment
- high-VPD heatwavese1
- Outcome
- water fluxese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“largely due to increased water fluxes from abaxial leaf surfaces”
e1“during high-VPD heatwaves (irrespective”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher transpiration and water use increased wheat drought vulnerability.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- vulnerability to droughte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Higher E and water usagee0
Not reportedMaterialGeneCompoundOrgan / stageInteractorTreatmentComparatorSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher E and water usage increased wheat vulnerability to drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher transpiration and water use reduced total ear weight.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- total ear weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- Higher E and water usagee0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher E and water usage increased wheat vulnerability to drought and led to reduced total ear weight.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
After one hour of darkness during high-VPD heatwaves, stomatal conductance declined only 37–38%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High-VPD heatwavese0
- Outcome
- gswe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 37–38%e0
- Qualifier
- after 1 h of dark treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High-VPD heatwaves also hindered stomatal responses to light, with gsw only reducing by 37–38% after 1 h of dark treatment.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat stomata were inhibited from closing under high CO2 and high-VPD heatwaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- future high CO2, high-VPD heatwave conditionse0
- Outcome
- stomata are inhibited from closinge0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat stomata are inhibited from closing under future high CO2, high-VPD heatwave conditions.”
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