Abstract
The adoption of cultures tolerant to synthetic auxins can increase the occurrence of drift of these herbicides, interfering in the development of naturally sensitive cultures, such as beans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination and initial development of bean seedlings, using sub-doses of the herbicide 2,4-D. The design of experiment I was completely randomized, with eight treatments and four replications, except for germination, with eight replications. The seeds were sowed in 100 mL of water with concentrations of 0.0; 1.12; 2.14; 4.18; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 and 67.00 g a.e. L-1 of 2,4-D. Germination, length, seedling fresh and dry mass and electrical conductivity were evaluated. The design of experiment II was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The beans were sowed in sand and then sprayed at concentrations of 0.0; 8.37; 16.75; 33.50 and 67.00 g e.a. L-1 of 2,4-D. Seed emergence, injury, fresh and dry shoot mass were evaluated. According to the regression analysis, there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used, as well as the seedling length. Seeds sown in this solution presented impaired root system and development, tending to mortality. Electrical conductivity increased as herbicide concentrations increased, indicating lower physiological potential of seeds. In experiment II, increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants. It is concluded that the sub-doses of the 2,4-D herbicide negatively affect the germination and initial development of bean seedlings.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D subdoses affected bean germination: reduction.
- Taxon
- common bean
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used, as well as the seedling length.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D subdoses affected bean seedling length: reduction.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a reduction in germination, regardless of the concentration used, as well as the seedling length.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D subdoses affected bean root system and development: impaired.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- root system and developmente0
- Direction
- impairede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds sown in this solution presented impaired root system and development, tending to mortality.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D subdoses affected bean Electrical conductivity: increased.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- Electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electrical conductivity increased as herbicide concentrations increased, indicating lower physiological potential of seeds.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D subdoses affected bean emergence: reduced.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants.”
t0“common bean”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D subdoses affected bean injury: increased.
- Taxon
- common beanPhaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing 2,4-D concentrations reduced emergence and increased injury to bean plants.”
t0“common bean”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →2,4-D · crop injury · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.