Abstract
Introduction Bletilla striata is a traditional medicinal plant, and its polysaccharide components have been confirmed to possess immunomodulatory potential. However, most current studies focus on high-molecular-weight polysaccharides, while the immunomodulatory mechanism of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides from this plant remains unclear. This study aimed to isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers, and to explore its immunomodulatory activity as well as the related action mechanism. Methods A neutral polysaccharide (BSP-2) was isolated from B. striata tubers. Its molecular weights were characterized using high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); its monosaccharide composition was determined via component analysis. The immunomodulatory activity of BSP-2 was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (by detecting pro-inflammatory mediator production), and its mechanism was investigated through the analysis of relevant protein expressions. Results BSP-2 exhibited the following molecular weight parameters: number-average (3.612 ± 0.13646 kDa), weight-average (4.456 ± 0.18019 kDa), z-average (6.364 ± 0.5518 kDa), and peaked molecular weight (2.808 ± 0.09041 kDa). Component analysis revealed that BSP-2 was dominated by glucose (Glc), with minor proportions of galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), and rhamnose (Rha) residues. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, BSP-2 inhibited the production of four pro-inflammatory mediators: IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effects of BSP-2 were mediated by the regulation of the NF-κβ pathway, which involved the downregulation of proteins including p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, COX-2, and iNOS. Discussion These results demonstrate that BSP-2 balances pro-inflammatory responses via the NF-κB pathway, supporting its promising application as a bioactive immunoregulatory component in functional food and dietary supplement development.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
BSP-2 was dominated by glucose, with minor galactose, arabinose and rhamnose residues.
- Taxon
- B. striata
Bletilla striatae1 - Outcome
- dominated by glucosee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e2“Component analysis revealed that BSP-2 was dominated by glucose (Glc), with minor proportions of galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), and rhamnose (Rha) residues”
Claim · model-written summary
The number-average molecular weight of BSP-2 was 3.612 ± 0.13646 kDa.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Outcome
- number-averagee3
- Value
- 3.612 ± 0.13646 kDae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e3“BSP-2 exhibited the following molecular weight parameters: number-average (3.612 ± 0.13646 kDa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The weight-average molecular weight of BSP-2 was 4.456 ± 0.18019 kDa.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Outcome
- weight-averagee4
- Value
- 4.456 ± 0.18019 kDae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e4“weight-average (4.456 ± 0.18019 kDa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The z-average molecular weight of BSP-2 was 6.364 ± 0.5518 kDa.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Outcome
- z-averagee5
- Value
- 6.364 ± 0.5518 kDae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e5“z-average (6.364 ± 0.5518 kDa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The peaked molecular weight of BSP-2 was 2.808 ± 0.09041 kDa.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Outcome
- peaked molecular weighte6
- Value
- 2.808 ± 0.09041 kDae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e6“peaked molecular weight (2.808 ± 0.09041 kDa)”
Claim · model-written summary
BSP-2 inhibited the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Material
- RAW264.7e7
- Treatment
- BSP-2e7
- Outcome
- IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1βe7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e7“In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, BSP-2 inhibited the production of four pro-inflammatory mediators: IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6”
Claim · model-written summary
BSP-2 inhibited the production of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Material
- RAW264.7e7
- Treatment
- BSP-2e7
- Outcome
- IL-6e7
- Direction
- inhibitede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e7“In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, BSP-2 inhibited the production of four pro-inflammatory mediators: IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6”
Claim · model-written summary
The anti-inflammatory effects of BSP-2 are mediated by regulation of the NF-κβ pathway.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Outcome
- anti-inflammatory effectse2
- Qualifier
- mediated by the regulation of the NF-κβ pathwaye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e2“Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effects of BSP-2 were mediated by the regulation of the NF-κβ pathway, which involved the downregulation of proteins including p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, COX-2, and iNOS”
Claim · model-written summary
BSP-2 downregulated p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, COX-2 and iNOS proteins in RAW264.7 cells.
- Taxon
- B. striataBletilla striatae1
- Treatment
- BSP-2e2
- Outcome
- proteins including p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, COX-2, and iNOSe2
- Direction
- downregulatione2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“isolate and identify a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (BSP-2) from B. striata tubers”
e2“Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effects of BSP-2 were mediated by the regulation of the NF-κβ pathway, which involved the downregulation of proteins including p65, p-p65, IκBα, p-IκBα, COX-2, and iNOS”