Abstract
Abstract Soil salinity threatens global agriculture by impairing plant growth, crop productivity, and soil health. This study was conducted to assess the impact of salinity on chickpea performance at the vegetative stage and the possible ameliorating role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and proline applications. A greenhouse experiment with 30 pots (5 replicates × 6 treatments) subjected half the treatments to 200 mM NaCl, AMF was applied at sowing, and proline was sprayed two weeks post-planting. Total pigments dramatically decreased [49.18%] in salt-stressed chickpea. Biomass, protein and carbohydrate metabolism were also affected. For instance, plant height and total fresh weight (TFW) showed inhibitions of 37.83% and 72.19% as compared to control. Conversely, chickpea under salt stress had an increased accumulation of H 2 O 2 (13.12 mg/g DW) and higher electrolyte leakage (54.72%), however, proline or AMF supplementation decreased their levels. Also, the total protein content and antioxidant enzymes were higher in salt-stressed treatments. Under stress, the total carbohydrate contents in chickpea leaves were significantly enhanced by AMF inoculation (23.44%) and proline application (19.43%), when compared to the control. Moreover, salinity led to distortion of chickpea leaf anatomy including a decrease in upper and lower epidermis thickness, vessel numbers, as well as degradation of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Salinity also disrupted ion balance, increasing Na + and decreasing K + (lower K + /Na + ratio), which elevated H 2 O 2 levels and membrane leakage. These results revealed that AMF as a symbiotic microorganism and proline as a well-known osmoprotectant perform several tasks to alleviate NaCl stress by decreasing Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakage. Subsequently, an enhancement in growth criteria, pigment fraction and carbohydrates was achieved with their applications under NaCl stress. Most obviously their applications maintained the chickpea leaf anatomy. As an innovative approach, we propose that AMF inoculation or proline application can reverse salinity-induced damage, offering a pathway to enhance crop tolerance in salt-affected regions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress reduced chickpea total pigments by 49.18%.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- salt-stressede0
- Outcome
- Total pigmentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 49.18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total pigments dramatically decreased [49.18%] in salt-stressed chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited chickpea height by 37.83% versus control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- inhibitionse0
- Value
- 37.83%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height and total fresh weight (TFW) showed inhibitions of 37.83% and 72.19% as compared to control”
e1“under NaCl stress”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited chickpea total fresh weight by 72.19% versus control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- total fresh weight (TFW)e0
- Direction
- inhibitionse0
- Value
- 72.19%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height and total fresh weight (TFW) showed inhibitions of 37.83% and 72.19% as compared to control”
e1“under NaCl stress”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-stressed chickpea accumulated more H 2 O 2, reaching 13.12 mg/g DW.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.12 mg/g DWe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea under salt stress had an increased accumulation of H 2 O 2 (13.12 mg/g DW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-stressed chickpea had higher electrolyte leakage of 54.72%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 54.72%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea under salt stress had an increased accumulation of H 2 O 2 (13.12 mg/g DW) and higher electrolyte leakage (54.72%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline supplementation decreased salt-stress H 2 O 2 and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- prolinee0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“however, proline or AMF supplementation decreased their levels”
e1“increased accumulation of H 2 O 2 (13.12 mg/g DW) and higher electrolyte leakage”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF supplementation decreased salt-stress H 2 O 2 and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMF supplementatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“however, proline or AMF supplementation decreased their levels”
e1“increased accumulation of H 2 O 2 (13.12 mg/g DW) and higher electrolyte leakage”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Total protein content was higher in salt-stressed treatments.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- salt-stressed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total protein contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total protein content and antioxidant enzymes were higher in salt-stressed treatments”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzymes were higher in salt-stressed treatments.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- salt-stressed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total protein content and antioxidant enzymes were higher in salt-stressed treatments”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased leaf carbohydrates under stress by 23.44% compared with control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- total carbohydrate contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 23.44%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under stress, the total carbohydrate contents in chickpea leaves were significantly enhanced by AMF inoculation (23.44%) and proline application (19.43%), when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline increased leaf carbohydrates under stress by 19.43% compared with control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- proline applicatione0
- Outcome
- total carbohydrate contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.43%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under stress, the total carbohydrate contents in chickpea leaves were significantly enhanced by AMF inoculation (23.44%) and proline application (19.43%), when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased upper and lower epidermal thickness.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- upper and lower epidermis thicknesse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity led to distortion of chickpea leaf anatomy including a decrease in upper and lower epidermis thickness, vessel numbers, as well as degradation of palisade and spongy parenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced leaf vessel numbers.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- vessel numberse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity led to distortion of chickpea leaf anatomy including a decrease in upper and lower epidermis thickness, vessel numbers, as well as degradation of palisade and spongy parenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity degraded palisade and spongy parenchyma.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- salinitye0
- Outcome
- palisade and spongy parenchymae0
- Direction
- degradatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity led to distortion of chickpea leaf anatomy including a decrease in upper and lower epidermis thickness, vessel numbers, as well as degradation of palisade and spongy parenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased chickpea Na +.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- Na +e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity also disrupted ion balance, increasing Na + and decreasing K + (lower K + /Na + ratio)”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased chickpea K +.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity also disrupted ion balance, increasing Na + and decreasing K + (lower K + /Na + ratio)”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity lowered the K + /Na + ratio.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- K + /Na + ratioe0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity also disrupted ion balance, increasing Na + and decreasing K + (lower K + /Na + ratio)”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF reduced Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakage under salt stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF as a symbiotic microorganism and proline as a well-known osmoprotectant perform several tasks to alleviate NaCl stress by decreasing Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakage”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline reduced Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakage under salt stress.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- prolinee0
- Outcome
- Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF as a symbiotic microorganism and proline as a well-known osmoprotectant perform several tasks to alleviate NaCl stress by decreasing Na + uptake, H 2 O 2 content and membrane leakage”
t0“chickpea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose AMF inoculation or proline to reverse salt damage and improve crop tolerance.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation or proline applicatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- reverse salinity-induced damagee0
- Setting
- salt-affected regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we propose that AMF inoculation or proline application can reverse salinity-induced damage, offering a pathway to enhance crop tolerance in salt-affected regions”
t0“chickpea plants”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.