Abstract
Soil metal(loid) contamination threatens ecosystem health through arthropod-mediated trophic transfer, yet remediation strategies rarely consider these ecotoxicological cascades. This study examines the mechanistic pathways by which pure and co-pyrolyzed biochars-Japanese knotweed (JK), pig manure (PM), and pig manure-Japanese knotweed hybrid (P1J1)-alter As and Pb partitioning across the soil-faba bean-aphid continuum. Results revealed that JK biochar significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced faba bean growth (biomass and height). In contrast, PM and P1J1 suppressed plant growth due to elevated electrical conductivity (6-7 times higher than the control) with increased salinity stress, despite drastically reducing soil soluble Pb by 93-94 %. However, all biochar treatments increased As solubility (by 1.6- to 13.8-fold), attributed to phosphate competition and pH-driven desorption from soil oxides. Pb was predominantly retained in roots (especially with PM and P1J1), minimizing transfer to aphids, while As remained root-localized without aerial translocation. Aphid biomass and fecundity were highest in unamended soil, which also showed the greatest Pb biomagnification (transfer coefficient: 2.39), posing risks to higher trophic levels. Biochar amendments reduced aphid Pb uptake but did not influence the declining efficacy of plant-based repellents (mugwort/knotweed extracts). These repellents demonstrated an initial repellency of > 80 % that decreased to approximately 55 % over time, indicating limited efficacy as pest management tools. The hybrid P1J1 exhibited PM-like effects (salinity increase, As mobilization) rather than synergistic benefits. These results quantify trade-offs: biochars disrupt Pb trophic transfer but may enhance As mobility and salinity stress, requiring careful biochar selection for contaminated agroecosystems.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Japanese knotweed biochar significantly enhanced faba bean biomass and height.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- JK biochare0
- Outcome
- biomass and heighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“JK biochar significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced faba bean growth (biomass and height).”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure biochar suppressed faba bean growth.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- PMe0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- elevated electrical conductivitye0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and P1J1 suppressed plant growth due to elevated electrical conductivity (6-7 times higher than the control) with increased salinity stress”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid P1J1 biochar suppressed faba bean growth.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- P1J1e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- increased salinity stresse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and P1J1 suppressed plant growth due to elevated electrical conductivity (6-7 times higher than the control) with increased salinity stress”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
PM and P1J1 were associated with electrical conductivity 6-7 times higher than control.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 6-7 timese0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PM and P1J1 suppressed plant growth due to elevated electrical conductivity (6-7 times higher than the control) with increased salinity stress”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
PM and P1J1 reduced soluble soil lead by 93-94%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- PM and P1J1e1
- Outcome
- soil soluble Pbe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 93-94 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite drastically reducing soil soluble Pb by 93-94 %”
e1“PM and P1J1 suppressed plant growth”
e2“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
All biochars increased soil arsenic solubility by 1.6- to 13.8-fold.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- all biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- As solubilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.6- to 13.8-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all biochar treatments increased As solubility (by 1.6- to 13.8-fold)”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate competition and pH driven desorption were attributed as causes of increased arsenic solubility.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Outcome
- As solubilitye0
- Qualifier
- phosphate competition and pH-driven desorption from soil oxidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all biochar treatments increased As solubility (by 1.6- to 13.8-fold), attributed to phosphate competition and pH-driven desorption from soil oxides.”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead was predominantly retained in faba bean roots, especially with PM and P1J1.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Pb was predominantly retained in rootse0
- Qualifier
- especially with PM and P1J1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb was predominantly retained in roots (especially with PM and P1J1)”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Root retention of lead minimized transfer to aphids.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- transfer to aphidse0
- Direction
- minimizinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb was predominantly retained in roots (especially with PM and P1J1), minimizing transfer to aphids”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic remained localized in faba bean roots without aerial transfer.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- As remained root-localized without aerial translocatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As remained root-localized without aerial translocation”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid biomass and fecundity were highest on faba beans in unamended soil.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Interactor
- Aphide0pest
- Outcome
- Aphid biomass and fecunditye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- unamended soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aphid biomass and fecundity were highest in unamended soil”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Unamended soil showed the greatest aphid lead biomagnification, with a transfer coefficient of 2.39.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Interactor
- Aphide1pest
- Outcome
- Pb biomagnificatione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 2.39e0
- Setting
- unamended soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unamended soil, which also showed the greatest Pb biomagnification (transfer coefficient: 2.39)”
e1“Aphid biomass and fecundity were highest in unamended soil”
e2“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendments reduced lead uptake by aphids.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- Biochar amendmentse0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid Pb uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendments reduced aphid Pb uptake”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar amendments did not influence the declining efficacy of plant-based repellents against aphids.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- Biochar amendmentse0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- efficacy of plant-based repellentse0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendments reduced aphid Pb uptake but did not influence the declining efficacy of plant-based repellents (mugwort/knotweed extracts).”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
Mugwort extract initially repelled aphids by more than 80%, falling to about 55% over time.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- mugworte1
- Interactor
- aphide3pest
- Outcome
- repellencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- > 80 %e0
- Qualifier
- approximately 55 % over timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These repellents demonstrated an initial repellency of > 80 % that decreased to approximately 55 % over time”
e1“repellents (mugwort/knotweed extracts)”
e2“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
e3“aphid Pb uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Knotweed extract initially repelled aphids by more than 80%, falling to about 55% over time.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae2
- Treatment
- knotweede1
- Interactor
- aphide3pest
- Outcome
- repellencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- > 80 %e0
- Qualifier
- approximately 55 % over timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These repellents demonstrated an initial repellency of > 80 % that decreased to approximately 55 % over time”
e1“repellents (mugwort/knotweed extracts)”
e2“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
e3“aphid Pb uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
The hybrid P1J1 showed PM-like salinity increase rather than a synergistic benefit.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- P1J1e0
- Outcome
- salinity increasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- PMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hybrid P1J1 exhibited PM-like effects (salinity increase, As mobilization) rather than synergistic benefits.”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
The hybrid P1J1 showed PM-like arsenic mobilization rather than a synergistic benefit.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- P1J1e0
- Outcome
- As mobilizatione0
- Direction
- mobilizatione0
- Comparator
- PMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The hybrid P1J1 exhibited PM-like effects (salinity increase, As mobilization) rather than synergistic benefits.”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend careful biochar selection in contaminated agroecosystems because of trade-offs among lead transfer, arsenic mobility and salinity stress.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae1
- Outcome
- careful biochar selection for contaminated agroecosystemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results quantify trade-offs: biochars disrupt Pb trophic transfer but may enhance As mobility and salinity stress, requiring careful biochar selection for contaminated agroecosystems.”
e1“soil-faba bean-aphid continuum”
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