Abstract
• A 1:3.5 compost tea formulation increased nutrients, humic compounds, and microbial abundance. • Compost tea showed a stable core microbiome dominated by plant-beneficial taxa. • A native Streptomyces (AC-3) isolated from compost tea showed strong inhibition of Phytophthora spp. • Compost tea enhanced root growth and its combination with Streptomyces AC-3 achieved the highest disease suppression. The search for sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides remains a key priority in crop protection. This study evaluates the suppressive potential of a compost tea (CT) derived from pruning and garden residues, together with a native Streptomyces isolate (AC-3) with strong in vitro antagonism against Phytophthora spp. Two CT formulations with compost-to-water ratios of 1:5 and 1:3.5 (v/v) were evaluated to assess whether a more concentrated formulation could maintain chemical and microbiological quality while facilitating product handling and commercialization, and whether its application, alone or in combination with Streptomyces AC-3, could suppress pathogen growth and reduce disease development in plants. The concentrated CT (1:3.5) exhibited higher electrical conductivity, nutrient content, and microbial abundance without major changes in the overall microbial structure, as confirmed by metagenomic analysis. Dominant bacterial genera included Mesorhizobium, Micromonospora, and Streptomyces , taxa associated with nutrient cycling and biocontrol. Streptomyces AC-3 showed strong inhibition of oomycetes, including P. capsici , while not affecting beneficial fungi such as T. harzianum . Greenhouse assays demonstrated that CT enhanced root biomass and significantly reduced disease incidence in tomato plants, with the combined treatment (CT plus AC-3) achieving the highest protection. These results highlight the potential of CT as both a biostimulant source and a reservoir of beneficial microorganisms. The combination of CT with selected Streptomyces strains represents a promising, eco-friendly strategy for the management of oomycete pathogens within sustainable agricultural systems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The 1:3.5 compost tea formulation increased nutrients, humic compounds and microbial abundance relative to the 1:5 formulation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- A 1:3.5 compost tea formulatione0
- Outcome
- nutrients, humic compounds, and microbial abundancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 1:5e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“A 1:3.5 compost tea formulation increased nutrients, humic compounds, and microbial abundance”
e1“Two CT formulations with compost-to-water ratios of 1:5 and 1:3.5 (v/v) were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
The concentrated 1:3.5 compost tea had higher electrical conductivity than the 1:5 formulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- The concentrated CT (1:3.5)e0
- Outcome
- electrical conductivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 1:5e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“The concentrated CT (1:3.5) exhibited higher electrical conductivity”
e1“Two CT formulations with compost-to-water ratios of 1:5 and 1:3.5 (v/v) were evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
The dominant bacterial genera in the compost tea were Mesorhizobium, Micromonospora and Streptomyces.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Dominant bacterial generae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“Dominant bacterial genera included Mesorhizobium, Micromonospora, and Streptomyces”
Claim · model-written summary
The overall microbial structure of the concentrated compost tea showed no major change, as confirmed by metagenomics.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- overall microbial structuree0
- Qualifier
- without major changese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“without major changes in the overall microbial structure, as confirmed by metagenomic analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomyces AC-3 strongly inhibited oomycetes, including P. capsici.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Streptomyces AC-3e0
- Interactor
- P. capsici
.jpg?width=60)
Phytophthora capsicie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Streptomyces AC-3e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition of oomycetese0
- Direction
- strong inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“Streptomyces AC-3 showed strong inhibition of oomycetes, including P. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomyces AC-3 did not affect the beneficial fungus T. harzianum.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Streptomyces AC-3e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianume1other
- Outcome
- beneficial fungie1
- Direction
- not affectinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“Streptomyces AC-3 showed strong inhibition of oomycetes, including P. capsici”
e1“while not affecting beneficial fungi such as T. harzianum”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost tea enhanced tomato root biomass in greenhouse assays.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Setting
- Greenhouse assayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“Greenhouse assays demonstrated that CT enhanced root biomass and significantly reduced disease incidence in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost tea significantly reduced disease incidence in tomato plants in greenhouse assays.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- Greenhouse assayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“Greenhouse assays demonstrated that CT enhanced root biomass and significantly reduced disease incidence in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment of compost tea with Streptomyces AC-3 gave the highest protection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment (CT plus AC-3)e0
- Outcome
- protectione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“the combined treatment (CT plus AC-3) achieving the highest protection”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost tea showed a stable core microbiome dominated by plant-beneficial taxa.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- core microbiomee0
- Qualifier
- dominated by plant-beneficial taxae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“Compost tea showed a stable core microbiome dominated by plant-beneficial taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combining compost tea with selected Streptomyces strains as a strategy for managing oomycete pathogens.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- management of oomycete pathogense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Phytophthora capsici in tomato”
e0“a promising, eco-friendly strategy for the management of oomycete pathogens”
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