Abstract
ABSTRACT The effective strategies for soil remediation in lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) co-contaminated areas are critical for environmental restoration. This study aimed to develop a microbial-plant remediation approach by combining a Pb–Cd mobilizing bacterium with the heavy metal-accumulating plant Brassica juncea , elucidating the underlying mechanisms of microbial-assisted phytoremediation. A Pb–Cd mobilizing bacterial strain, HM-18, was isolated from mine tailings and had been identified as Microbacterium foliorum . Soil microcosm experiments with four treatments were conducted to evaluate its remediation efficiency, including control (CK), only HM-18 inoculation (B), Pb/Cd contamination (HM), and combined HM-18 inoculation with Pb/Cd contamination (HM+B). We found that the HM+B treatment significantly reduced soil pH by 2.81%, while increasing soil enzyme activities, including catalase (12.16%), alkaline phosphatase (3.20%), and sucrase (21.46%). Also, inoculation with HM-18 alleviated heavy metal stress in B. juncea significantly by enhancing biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby mitigating oxidative damage. Furthermore, the expression of key metal transporter genes was increased with HM-18 inoculation, while HMA3 was decreased, which promotes the translocation of Pb and Cd from roots to shoots. The accumulation of Pb and Cd in shoots increased by 72.38% and 27.61%, respectively, with root accumulation rising by 76.46% (Pb) and 56.14% (Cd). This work confirmed that this synergistic system enhanced heavy metal removal through multiple pathways, including increased metal bioavailability, improved root morphology, enhanced photosynthetic capacity, strengthened stress resistance, and regulated transporter activity. These findings offer valuable microbial resources and a theoretical basis for the development of sustainable soil bioremediation strategies. IMPORTANCE This work advances the development of sustainable solutions for remediating soils contaminated with harmful heavy metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), which pose significant risks to environmental and human health. By developing a microbial-plant remediation strategy that leverages the synergistic effects of a mobilizing bacterium and a metal-accumulating plant, this research improves our ability to effectively detoxify contaminated soils. The insights gained into the underlying mechanisms provide a valuable foundation for designing efficient, environmentally friendly bioremediation strategies. Generally, this investigation contributes to safeguarding ecosystems, promoting soil restoration, and supporting sustainable land use in areas affected by heavy metal pollution.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
HM-18 was identified as Microbacterium foliorum.
- Taxon
- Brassica juncea
Brassica junceat0 - Outcome
- had been identified as Microbacterium foliorume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A Pb–Cd mobilizing bacterial strain, HM-18, was isolated from mine tailings and had been identified as Microbacterium foliorum .”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment lowered soil pH by 2.81%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- HM+B treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2.81%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the HM+B treatment significantly reduced soil pH by 2.81%”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased catalase activity by 12.16%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 12.16%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing soil enzyme activities, including catalase (12.16%), alkaline phosphatase (3.20%), and sucrase (21.46%)”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased alkaline phosphatase by 3.20%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 3.20%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing soil enzyme activities, including catalase (12.16%), alkaline phosphatase (3.20%), and sucrase (21.46%)”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment increased sucrase by 21.46%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- sucrasee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 21.46%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing soil enzyme activities, including catalase (12.16%), alkaline phosphatase (3.20%), and sucrase (21.46%)”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
HM-18 improved biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- B. junceaBrassica junceae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with HM-18e0
- Interactor
- HM-18e0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with HM-18 alleviated heavy metal stress in B. juncea significantly by enhancing biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities”
Claim · model-written summary
HM-18 inoculation mitigated oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- B. junceaBrassica junceae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with HM-18e0
- Interactor
- HM-18e0symbiont
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- mitigatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation with HM-18 alleviated heavy metal stress in B. juncea significantly by enhancing biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby mitigating oxidative damage”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
HM-18 increased expression of key metal transporter genes.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Treatment
- HM-18 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HM-18e0symbiont
- Gene
- key metal transporter genese0
- Outcome
- expression of key metal transporter genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of key metal transporter genes was increased with HM-18 inoculation”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
HM-18 decreased HMA3 expression.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Gene
- HMA3e0
- Outcome
- HMA3e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HMA3 was decreased”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
HM-18 promoted root-to-shoot Pb and Cd translocation.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- translocation of Pb and Cd from roots to shootse0
- Direction
- promotese0
- Qualifier
- from roots to shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which promotes the translocation of Pb and Cd from roots to shoots”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Pb accumulation rose by 72.38%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Pb and Cd in shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 72.38%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of Pb and Cd in shoots increased by 72.38% and 27.61%, respectively”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Cd accumulation rose by 27.61%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Pb and Cd in shootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.61%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The accumulation of Pb and Cd in shoots increased by 72.38% and 27.61%, respectively”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Root Pb accumulation rose by 76.46%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- root accumulatione0
- Direction
- risinge0
- Value
- 76.46%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root accumulation rising by 76.46% (Pb) and 56.14% (Cd)”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
Root Cd accumulation rose by 56.14%.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- root accumulatione0
- Direction
- risinge0
- Value
- 56.14%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root accumulation rising by 76.46% (Pb) and 56.14% (Cd)”
t0“Brassica juncea”
Claim · model-written summary
The system enhanced metal removal through multiple pathways.
- Taxon
- Brassica junceaBrassica junceat0
- Outcome
- heavy metal removale0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- increased metal bioavailability, improved root morphology, enhanced photosynthetic capacity, strengthened stress resistance, and regulated transporter activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this synergistic system enhanced heavy metal removal through multiple pathways, including increased metal bioavailability, improved root morphology, enhanced photosynthetic capacity, strengthened stress resistance, and regulated transporter activity”
t0“Brassica juncea”
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.