Abstract
This study investigated the effects of soil-applied, foliar-applied, and nano-potassium fertilization on nutrient uptake and content in maize (Zea mays L.). A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate conventional and nano-K fertilizers at recommended, half, and double rates, as well as integrated combinations. The results demonstrated significant improvements in plant nutrient content under all potassium treatments compared with the unfertilized control. Nitrogen content increased markedly, with the highest level observed in the double-rate nano-potassium treatment (T9, 1.77%), representing a 131% increase over the control. Integrated and combined fertilization treatments (T6–T8) also enhanced nitrogen content (1.667–1.71%, 117–123% increase). Phosphorus content was highest under nano-potassium at the recommended rate (T4, 0.611%), and combined or integrated treatments further improved P uptake. Potassium accumulation peaked under conventional soil application (T2, 2.18%), while nano-potassium treatments provided a more balanced nutrient uptake and improved efficiency. The observed enhancements in nutrient content are attributed to the synergistic roles of potassium in activating enzymatic processes, improving root development, and facilitating nutrient translocation, which collectively optimize nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation. These findings highlight the potential of nano-potassium fertilizers, especially when applied in integrated strategies, to increase nutrient-use efficiency and reduce total fertilizer inputs. The study supports the application of nano-K as a sustainable alternative to conventional potassium sources, offering opportunities for improved maize productivity and sustainable nutrient management.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
All potassium treatments significantly improved plant nutrient content against the unfertilized control.
- Treatment
- all potassium treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant nutrient contente0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Comparator
- unfertilized controle0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant improvements in plant nutrient content under all potassium treatments compared with the unfertilized control”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-rate nano-potassium produced the highest nitrogen content, 1.77%, a 131% increase over control.
- Treatment
- double-rate nano-potassium treatmente0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 131%e0
- Qualifier
- 1.77%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen content increased markedly, with the highest level observed in the double-rate nano-potassium treatment (T9, 1.77%), representing a 131% increase over the control”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated and combined treatments enhanced nitrogen content to 1.667–1.71%, a 117–123% increase.
- Treatment
- Integrated and combined fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.667–1.71%e0
- Qualifier
- 117–123% increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Integrated and combined fertilization treatments (T6–T8) also enhanced nitrogen content (1.667–1.71%, 117–123% increase)”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended-rate nano-potassium gave the highest phosphorus content, 0.611%.
- Treatment
- nano-potassium at the recommended ratee0
- Outcome
- Phosphorus contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.611%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus content was highest under nano-potassium at the recommended rate (T4, 0.611%)”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined or integrated treatments improved phosphorus uptake.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined or integrated treatments further improved P uptake”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional soil application produced peak potassium accumulation of 2.18%.
- Treatment
- conventional soil applicatione0
- Outcome
- Potassium accumulatione0
- Direction
- peakede0
- Value
- 2.18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium accumulation peaked under conventional soil application (T2, 2.18%)”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-potassium treatments provided more balanced nutrient uptake and improved efficiency.
- Treatment
- nano-potassium treatmentse0
- Outcome
- more balanced nutrient uptake and improved efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nano-potassium treatments provided a more balanced nutrient uptake and improved efficiency”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute nutrient gains to potassium activating enzymes, improving roots and aiding nutrient transport.
- Compound
- potassiume0
- Outcome
- enhancements in nutrient contente0
- Qualifier
- activating enzymatic processes, improving root development, and facilitating nutrient translocatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancements in nutrient content are attributed to the synergistic roles of potassium in activating enzymatic processes, improving root development, and facilitating nutrient translocation”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors support nano-K as a sustainable alternative to conventional potassium sources.
- Outcome
- application of nano-K as a sustainable alternative to conventional potassium sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study supports the application of nano-K as a sustainable alternative to conventional potassium sources”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
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