Paper · 2026 · Revista Argentina de Microbiología

Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the productivity and nutrition of sugarcane under reduced urea fertilization

Julián Esteban Másmela-Mendoza; Yohan Sebastián Mejía-Flórez; Julián Fernando Mateus-Rodríguez

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verbatim quotes
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citations
3
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Open access · cc-by-nc-nd

Abstract

• Azotobacter and Gluconacetobacter solubilize P from phosphate rock. • Azospirillum solubilizes P from tricalcic phosphate. • Azospirillum inoculation increases tillering in sugarcane. • Seedlings inoculated with Azospirillum show increased stalk weight and sucrose levels. • Azospirillum can replace 25–50% of urea while maintaining a positive growth response. The practice of biofertilization enhances the sustainability of sugarcane cultivation. This study evaluated the ability of several bacterial strains to improve sugarcane growth and reduce its dependence on urea. Strains belonging to the genera Gluconacetobacter , Azotobacter , Rhizobium , and Azospirillum were efficient in biological nitrogen fixation, indole-3-acetic acid production, and inorganic phosphorus solubilization. Azotobacter and Gluconacetobacter efficiently solubilized rock phosphate, while Azospirillum was more effective with tricalcium phosphate. Azospirillum brasilense Ab12 showed viability in diluted vinasse, utilizing organic acids. Inoculation with A. brasilense strains Ab12 and Ab16 at 4 × 10 8 CFU/ml in pre-sprouted cuttings increased productivity in field-transplanted plants without chemical fertilization. The application of Azospirillum improved stem number, stem weight and length, cane yield per hectare, and sucrose content. In addition, it promoted greater tillering and enhanced the uptake of P, S, Fe, and Zn. Bacterial inoculants reduced the need for urea fertilization, showing a complementary effect on plant growth even with the full recommended urea dose. Azospirillum -based biofertilizers allowed the reduction of urea rates, with similar growth observed when using 25–50% of the standard dose. These results demonstrate the potential of A. brasilense as a biofertilizer to reduce dependence on synthetic inputs and improve the nutritional efficiency of sugarcane cultivation. La práctica de biofertilización mejora la sostenibilidad del cultivo de caña de azúcar. Este estudio evaluó la capacidad de algunas cepas bacterianas para mejorar el crecimiento de la caña de azúcar y reducir su dependencia de la urea. Cepas de los géneros Gluconacetobacter , Azotobacter , Rhizobium y Azospirillum fueron eficientes en fijación biológica de N, producción de ácido 3-indolacético y solubilización de P inorgánico. Azotobacter y Gluconacetobacter solubilizaron eficientemente fosfatos de roca fosfórica, mientras que Azospirillum fue más eficaz con fosfato tricálcico. Azospirillum brasilense Ab12 mostró viabilidad en vinaza diluida, utilizando ácidos orgánicos. La inoculación de las cepas Ab12 y Ab16 de A. brasilense a 4 × 10 8 UFC/ml en esquejes pre-brotados, aumentó la productividad en plantas trasplantadas al campo sin fertilización química. La aplicación de Azospirillum mejoró el número de tallos, el peso y la longitud del tallo, las toneladas de caña por hectárea y el contenido de sacarosa. Además, promovió un mayor macollamiento y mejoró la absorción de P, S, Fe y Zn. Los inóculos bacterianos redujeron la necesidad de fertilización con urea, mostrando un efecto complementario en el crecimiento de las plantas incluso con la dosis completa recomendada. Los biofertilizantes de Azospirillum permitieron la reducción de las dosis de urea, observándose un crecimiento similar cuando se utilizó el 25-50% de la dosis. Estos resultados evidencian el potencial de A. brasilense como biofertilizante para reducir la dependencia de insumos sintéticos y mejorar la eficiencia nutricional del cultivo.

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Claims 8

Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azotobacter and Gluconacetobacter solubilized rock phosphate.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Interactor
AzotobacterAzotobactere0other
Outcome
solubilized rock phosphatee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azotobacter
Azotobacter · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)DAN H. JONES · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Azotobacter and Gluconacetobacter efficiently solubilized rock phosphate”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 792–864 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azospirillum was more effective with tricalcium phosphate.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Interactor
AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome
more effective with tricalcium phosphatee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum
Azospirillum · InteractorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Azospirillum was more effective with tricalcium phosphate”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 872–929 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azospirillum brasilense Ab12 remained viable in diluted vinasse.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Interactor
Azospirillum brasilense Ab12Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
Outcome
viability in diluted vinassee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilense · InteractorCristiane Colodel · CC BY 4.0 · iNaturalist ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Azospirillum brasilense Ab12 showed viability in diluted vinasse, utilizing organic acids”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 931–1020 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ab12 and Ab16 inoculation increased productivity without chemical fertilizer.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Treatment
Inoculation with A. brasilense strains Ab12 and Ab16 at 4 × 10 8 CFU/mle0
Interactor
A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
Outcome
productivitye0
Direction
increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum brasilense
Azospirillum brasilense · InteractorCristiane Colodel · CC BY 4.0 · iNaturalist ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Inoculation with A. brasilense strains Ab12 and Ab16 at 4 × 10 8 CFU/ml in pre-sprouted cuttings increased productivity in field-transplanted plants without chemical fertilization”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1022–1201 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azospirillum improved stem number, weight and length.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Treatment
The application of Azospirillume0
Interactor
AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome
stem number, stem weight and lengthe0
Direction
improvede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum
Azospirillum · InteractorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The application of Azospirillum improved stem number, stem weight and length”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1203–1279 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azospirillum improved cane yield and sucrose content.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Treatment
Azospirillume0
Interactor
AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome
cane yield per hectare, and sucrose contente0
Direction
improvede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum
Azospirillum · InteractorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Azospirillum improved stem number, stem weight and length, cane yield per hectare, and sucrose content”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1222–1324 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azospirillum promoted tillering and uptake of P, S, Fe and Zn.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Treatment
Azospirillumt1
Interactor
AzospirillumAzospirillumt1symbiont
Outcome
tillering and enhanced the uptake of P, S, Fe, and Zne0
Direction
enhancede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum
Azospirillum · InteractorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“it promoted greater tillering and enhanced the uptake of P, S, Fe, and Zn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1339–1412 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑
t1

“Azospirillum improved stem number”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1222–1255 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Azospirillum biofertilizer maintained similar growth at 25–50% of standard urea.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Treatment
Azospirillum -based biofertilizerse0
Interactor
AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Outcome
growthe0
Direction
similare0
Value
25–50%e0
Comparator
standard dosee0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Azospirillum
Azospirillum · InteractorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Azospirillum -based biofertilizers allowed the reduction of urea rates, with similar growth observed when using 25–50% of the standard dose”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1565–1704 · show in text ↑
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 85–94 · show in text ↑

Azospirillum · quality: sugar starch · Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
See all 2 papers →

Azospirillum brasilense · yield · Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
See all 3 papers →

Azospirillum · growth · Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)Results agree

4 papers: 4 positive, 0 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive
See all 4 papers →

inoculation · yield · Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)Positive and negative results

50 papers: 47 positive, 3 negative or no effect

46 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. no effect

46 papers more in this group

See all 50 papers →

inoculation · growth · Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)Positive and negative results

60 papers: 54 positive, 6 negative or no effect

53 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. negative

56 papers more in this group

See all 60 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.