Abstract
Dendrophthoe falcata is a stem hemiparasitic weed infesting tree crops. Manual removal of this parasitic weed is the common practice, often involving cutting the infested tree branches. However, it is labour-intensive and requires repeated removal due to regrowth. Even herbicidal sprays for selective control are unavailable and the use of conventional spraying methods often results in host toxicity. Hence, there is a need to develop targeted spraying methods. Therefore, a study was carried out during 2024–25 in a mango orchard at the College of Agriculture, Thrissur, in a completely randomized design (CRD), replicated thrice. The efficacy of various herbicides, application methods and sprayer types for controlling parasitic weed Dendrophthoe spp. on mango trees was studied. Treatments included foliar sprays of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) Sodium (Na) salt 80 wettable powder (WP) (5 g L-1), 2,4-D amine 58 soluble liquid (SL) (10 mL L-1), 2,4-D Na salt 80 WP (5 g L-1) + copper sulfate (CuSO₄) (20 g L-1), glufosinate ammonium 13.5 SL (10 mL L-1), metribuzin 70 WP (5 g L-1), ethrel 39 SL (25 mL L-1) and metsulfuron methyl 20 WP (0.4 g L-1); 2,4-D Na salt (2 %) and metribuzin (2 %) as padding at host-parasite junction, physical removal and untreated check. Ethrel induced complete defoliation within 2–3 days, followed by 2,4-D + CuSO₄, glufosinate ammonium, metribuzin and metsulfuron methyl. Defoliation was completed by 3–4 weeks in 2,4-D spray. Padding treatments were ineffective and no visual symptoms of phytotoxicity or reduction in physiological parameters were observed. Herbicide sprays reduced soluble sugars, protein, relative leaf water content, membrane stability, chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) content of Dendrophthoe. Foliar sprays of 2,4-D Na salt or 2,4-D amine provided sustained control without regrowth, whereas other herbicides provided only temporary suppression. Herbicide deposition rate, spray coverage and weed control efficacy varied with sprayer type. Compared to battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayers, the electrostatic sprayer recorded the highest spray deposition rate (30.5 µL cm-2) and lowest spray volume, but was ineffective. Though the deposition rate was low (10 µL cm-2), the battery-powered hydraulic sprayer provided superior canopy wetting with high volume spray and complete control. Targeted foliar application of 2,4-D with optimised sprayer technology provided effective control of Dendrophthoe in mango orchards, without host phytotoxicity. The study revealed a significant role of spray volume in herbicide efficacy, despite the electrostatic sprayers being highly efficient for disease and pest management.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel completely defoliated Dendrophthoe within 2–3 days.
- Taxon
- mango
_from_India.jpg?width=60)
Mangifera indicat0 - Treatment
- Ethrele0
- Interactor
- Dendrophthoe
Dendrophthoet0parasite - Outcome
- complete defoliatione0
- Value
- 2–3 dayse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_from_India.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Ethrel induced complete defoliation within 2–3 days, followed by 2,4-D + CuSO₄, glufosinate ammonium, metribuzin and metsulfuron methyl.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D spray completed Dendrophthoe defoliation by 3–4 weeks.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D spraye0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoet0parasite
- Outcome
- Defoliatione0
- Value
- 3–4 weekse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Defoliation was completed by 3–4 weeks in 2,4-D spray.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Padding treatments were ineffective.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- Padding treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Padding treatments were ineffective and no visual symptoms of phytotoxicity or reduction in physiological parameters were observed.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
No visual phytotoxicity symptoms were observed.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- no visual symptoms of phytotoxicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Padding treatments were ineffective and no visual symptoms of phytotoxicity or reduction in physiological parameters were observed.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
No reduction in physiological parameters was observed.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Outcome
- reduction in physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- noe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Padding treatments were ineffective and no visual symptoms of phytotoxicity or reduction in physiological parameters were observed.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide sprays reduced soluble sugars, protein.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- Herbicide sprayse0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoee0parasite
- Outcome
- soluble sugars, proteine0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide sprays reduced soluble sugars, protein, relative leaf water content, membrane stability, chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) content of Dendrophthoe.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide sprays reduced relative leaf water content, membrane stability.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- Herbicide sprayse0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoee0parasite
- Outcome
- relative leaf water content, membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide sprays reduced soluble sugars, protein, relative leaf water content, membrane stability, chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) content of Dendrophthoe.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide sprays reduced chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) content of Dendrophthoe.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- Herbicide sprayse0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoee0parasite
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) content of Dendrophthoee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide sprays reduced soluble sugars, protein, relative leaf water content, membrane stability, chlorophyll and nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) content of Dendrophthoe.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D Na salt gave sustained Dendrophthoe control without regrowth.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D Na salte0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoet0parasite
- Outcome
- sustained control without regrowthe0
- Comparator
- other herbicidese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar sprays of 2,4-D Na salt or 2,4-D amine provided sustained control without regrowth, whereas other herbicides provided only temporary suppression.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D amine gave sustained Dendrophthoe control without regrowth.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D aminee0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoet0parasite
- Outcome
- sustained control without regrowthe0
- Comparator
- other herbicidese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar sprays of 2,4-D Na salt or 2,4-D amine provided sustained control without regrowth, whereas other herbicides provided only temporary suppression.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide deposition, coverage and weed control varied with sprayer type.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- sprayer typee0
- Outcome
- Herbicide deposition rate, spray coverage and weed control efficacye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide deposition rate, spray coverage and weed control efficacy varied with sprayer type.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrostatic sprayer had the highest deposition rate, 30.5 µL cm-2.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- electrostatic sprayere0
- Outcome
- spray deposition ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 30.5 µL cm-2e0
- Comparator
- battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayers, the electrostatic sprayer recorded the highest spray deposition rate (30.5 µL cm-2) and lowest spray volume, but was ineffective.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrostatic sprayer had the lowest spray volume.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- electrostatic sprayere0
- Outcome
- spray volumee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayers, the electrostatic sprayer recorded the highest spray deposition rate (30.5 µL cm-2) and lowest spray volume, but was ineffective.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrostatic sprayer was ineffective for control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- electrostatic sprayere0
- Outcome
- ineffectivee0
- Comparator
- battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayerse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to battery-powered hydraulic, backpack manually operated and air-assisted sprayers, the electrostatic sprayer recorded the highest spray deposition rate (30.5 µL cm-2) and lowest spray volume, but was ineffective.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Battery-powered hydraulic sprayer had low deposition rate, 10 µL cm-2.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- battery-powered hydraulic sprayere0
- Outcome
- deposition ratee0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 10 µL cm-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Though the deposition rate was low (10 µL cm-2), the battery-powered hydraulic sprayer provided superior canopy wetting with high volume spray and complete control.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Battery-powered hydraulic sprayer provided superior canopy wetting.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- battery-powered hydraulic sprayere0
- Outcome
- canopy wettinge0
- Direction
- superiore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Though the deposition rate was low (10 µL cm-2), the battery-powered hydraulic sprayer provided superior canopy wetting with high volume spray and complete control.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Battery-powered hydraulic sprayer provided complete control.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- battery-powered hydraulic sprayere0
- Outcome
- complete controle0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Though the deposition rate was low (10 µL cm-2), the battery-powered hydraulic sprayer provided superior canopy wetting with high volume spray and complete control.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Targeted 2,4-D foliar application gave effective Dendrophthoe control without mango phytotoxicity.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- Targeted foliar application of 2,4-De0
- Interactor
- DendrophthoeDendrophthoee0parasite
- Outcome
- effective control of Dendrophthoee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Targeted foliar application of 2,4-D with optimised sprayer technology provided effective control of Dendrophthoe in mango orchards, without host phytotoxicity.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray volume significantly influenced herbicide efficacy.
- Taxon
- mangoMangifera indicat0
- Treatment
- spray volumee0
- Outcome
- herbicide efficacye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The study revealed a significant role of spray volume in herbicide efficacy, despite the electrostatic sprayers being highly efficient for disease and pest management.”
t0“Herbicidal management of stem hemiparasite Dendrophthoe spp. in mango orchards”
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