Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is essential for rice productivity, yet excessive fertilization increases costs and environmental risks, making improvement of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) a key breeding target. We evaluated 99 rice genotypes to investigate relationships between root system architecture (RSA) and NUE using three complementary experiments. In hydroponics under full (N100) and half N (N50), ImageJ-SmartRoot analysis revealed substantial variation in RSA. Principal component analysis identified 12 contrasting genotypes with vigorous and weak RSA, which were further evaluated under pot and field conditions. Under pot conditions, DJ123 and KSK-133 maintained the highest grain yields under reduced nitrogen, whereas IR30 and TKM6 showed the lowest yields. Thousand grain weight (TGW) under the same treatment was also highest in KSK-133 (15.8 g) and DJ123 (15.3 g), compared with IR30 (6.6 g) and TKM6 (7.6 g). Field results confirmed this trend, with TGW ranging from 23.9 g in KSK-133 to only 11.4 g in TKM6 under N50. Ammonium nutrition improved SPAD, biomass, and yield by up to 7.65%, 25.3%, and 27.2%, respectively, compared with nitrate. Efficient genotypes maintained superior performance under reduced N, with DJ123 and KSK-133 showing up to 10.3% and 43.2% increases in nitrate reductase activity. Overall, these genotypes represent promising donor parents and can serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding rice with enhanced NUE and stable yield under low-N conditions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Rice genotypes varied substantially in root system architecture under full and half nitrogen.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- full (N100) and half N (N50)e0
- Outcome
- variation in RSAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“under full (N100) and half N (N50), ImageJ-SmartRoot analysis revealed substantial variation in RSA”
Claim · model-written summary
DJ123 had one of the highest grain yields under reduced nitrogen in pots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- DJ123e0
- Treatment
- reduced nitrogene0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- pot conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Under pot conditions, DJ123 and KSK-133 maintained the highest grain yields under reduced nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
KSK-133 had one of the highest grain yields under reduced nitrogen in pots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KSK-133e0
- Treatment
- reduced nitrogene0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- pot conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Under pot conditions, DJ123 and KSK-133 maintained the highest grain yields under reduced nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
IR30 had one of the lowest grain yields under reduced nitrogen in pots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR30e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“whereas IR30 and TKM6 showed the lowest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
TKM6 had one of the lowest grain yields under reduced nitrogen in pots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- TKM6e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“whereas IR30 and TKM6 showed the lowest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
KSK-133 had highest thousand grain weight of 15.8 g in pots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KSK-133e0
- Outcome
- Thousand grain weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 15.8 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Thousand grain weight (TGW) under the same treatment was also highest in KSK-133 (15.8 g) and DJ123 (15.3 g), compared with IR30 (6.6 g) and TKM6 (7.6 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
DJ123 had highest thousand grain weight of 15.3 g in pots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Thousand grain weight (TGW) under the same treatment was also highest in KSK-133 (15.8 g) and DJ123 (15.3 g), compared with IR30 (6.6 g) and TKM6 (7.6 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
IR30 had lowest thousand grain weight of 6.6 g in pots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Thousand grain weight (TGW) under the same treatment was also highest in KSK-133 (15.8 g) and DJ123 (15.3 g), compared with IR30 (6.6 g) and TKM6 (7.6 g)”
e1“whereas IR30 and TKM6 showed the lowest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
TKM6 had lowest thousand grain weight of 7.6 g in pots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Thousand grain weight (TGW) under the same treatment was also highest in KSK-133 (15.8 g) and DJ123 (15.3 g), compared with IR30 (6.6 g) and TKM6 (7.6 g)”
e1“whereas IR30 and TKM6 showed the lowest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
KSK-133 had field thousand grain weight of 23.9 g under N50.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Field results confirmed this trend, with TGW ranging from 23.9 g in KSK-133 to only 11.4 g in TKM6 under N50”
Claim · model-written summary
TKM6 had field thousand grain weight of 11.4 g under N50.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- TKM6e0
- Treatment
- N50e0
- Outcome
- TGWe0
- Direction
- onlye0
- Value
- 11.4 ge0
- Setting
- Fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Field results confirmed this trend, with TGW ranging from 23.9 g in KSK-133 to only 11.4 g in TKM6 under N50”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nutrition improved SPAD by up to 7.65% compared with nitrate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ammonium nutritione0
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 7.65%e0
- Comparator
- nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Ammonium nutrition improved SPAD, biomass, and yield by up to 7.65%, 25.3%, and 27.2%, respectively, compared with nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nutrition improved biomass by up to 25.3% compared with nitrate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ammonium nutritione0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 25.3%e0
- Comparator
- nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Ammonium nutrition improved SPAD, biomass, and yield by up to 7.65%, 25.3%, and 27.2%, respectively, compared with nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium nutrition improved yield by up to 27.2% compared with nitrate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ammonium nutritione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 27.2%e0
- Comparator
- nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Ammonium nutrition improved SPAD, biomass, and yield by up to 7.65%, 25.3%, and 27.2%, respectively, compared with nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
DJ123 showed an increase in nitrate reductase activity of up to 10.3% under reduced nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- DJ123e0
- Treatment
- reduced Ne0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 10.3%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Efficient genotypes maintained superior performance under reduced N, with DJ123 and KSK-133 showing up to 10.3% and 43.2% increases in nitrate reductase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
KSK-133 showed an increase in nitrate reductase activity of up to 43.2% under reduced nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KSK-133e0
- Treatment
- reduced Ne0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitye0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 43.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Efficient genotypes maintained superior performance under reduced N, with DJ123 and KSK-133 showing up to 10.3% and 43.2% increases in nitrate reductase activity”
Claim · model-written summary
DJ123 and KSK-133 are proposed as donor parents for low nitrogen NUE and yield breeding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- promising donor parentse0
- Qualifier
- enhanced NUE and stable yield under low-N conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice”
e0“Overall, these genotypes represent promising donor parents and can serve as valuable genetic resources for breeding rice with enhanced NUE and stable yield under low-N conditions”
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