Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent a sustainable strategy to enhance crop productivity, the multi-omics regulatory mechanisms underlying their growth-promoting effects in garlic remain poorly understood. In this study, we integrated physiological, phytohormone metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses to systematically elucidate the growth-promoting mechanism of Pseudomonas sp. strain UW4 in garlic. Our results demonstrated that UW4 inoculation significantly improved aboveground morphological traits, including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and pseudostem thickness, and optimized root system architecture by increasing total root length, root surface area, and root tip number. These morphological improvements were accompanied by enhanced photosynthetic pigment accumulation and increased biomass production. Phytohormone profiling revealed that UW4 inoculation elevated the levels of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) and its precursors (L-tryptophan and tryptamine), while significantly reducing the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene biosynthesis. Transcriptomic analysis identified 687 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly enriched in auxin and ethylene signaling pathways. Mechanistically, UW4 upregulated the expression of SAUR (Small auxin-up RNA) to promote IAA synthesis, and suppressed the transcription of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes. Additionally, the downregulation of PYL (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like) genes indicated that UW4 also modulates the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation confirmed that the expression of ACO (ACC oxidase), a key rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene synthesis, was significantly downregulated in UW4 groups. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that UW4 optimizes garlic growth and yield potential by coordinately regulating auxin, ethylene, and ABA metabolism and gene expression, providing a theoretical foundation and elite microbial resource for the green and high-yield cultivation of garlic.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 inoculation significantly improved plant height, leaf length and leaf width of garlic.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativumt0 - Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4
Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont - Outcome
- plant height, leaf length, leaf widthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“UW4 inoculation significantly improved aboveground morphological traits, including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and pseudostem thickness”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 inoculation significantly improved pseudostem thickness of garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- pseudostem thicknesse1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“UW4 inoculation significantly improved aboveground morphological traits, including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and pseudostem thickness”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 inoculation increased total root length, root surface area and root tip number of garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Organ / stage
- root system architecturee3
- Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- total root length, root surface area, and root tip numbere3
- Direction
- increasinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“UW4 inoculation significantly improved aboveground morphological traits, including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and pseudostem thickness”
e3“optimized root system architecture by increasing total root length, root surface area, and root tip number”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological improvements by UW4 were accompanied by enhanced photosynthetic pigment accumulation.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment accumulatione4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These morphological improvements were accompanied by enhanced photosynthetic pigment accumulation and increased biomass production”
e1“UW4 inoculation significantly improved aboveground morphological traits, including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and pseudostem thickness”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphological improvements by UW4 were accompanied by increased biomass production.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass productione4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These morphological improvements were accompanied by enhanced photosynthetic pigment accumulation and increased biomass production”
e1“UW4 inoculation significantly improved aboveground morphological traits, including plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and pseudostem thickness”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 inoculation elevated auxin (IAA) and its precursors in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione5
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- levels of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)e5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Qualifier
- and its precursors (L-tryptophan and tryptamine)e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Phytohormone profiling revealed that UW4 inoculation elevated the levels of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) and its precursors (L-tryptophan and tryptamine), while significantly reducing the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene biosynthesis”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 inoculation significantly reduced the content of ACC, the ethylene precursor, in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4 inoculatione5
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)e5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Qualifier
- the precursor of ethylene biosynthesise5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Phytohormone profiling revealed that UW4 inoculation elevated the levels of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) and its precursors (L-tryptophan and tryptamine), while significantly reducing the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene biosynthesis”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome analysis identified 687 differentially expressed genes in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese6
- Value
- 687e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Transcriptomic analysis identified 687 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly enriched in auxin and ethylene signaling pathways”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in auxin and ethylene signaling pathways.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese6
- Direction
- enrichede6
- Qualifier
- auxin and ethylene signaling pathwayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Transcriptomic analysis identified 687 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly enriched in auxin and ethylene signaling pathways”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 upregulated SAUR expression in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4e7
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Gene
- SAURe7
- Outcome
- expressione7
- Direction
- upregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Mechanistically, UW4 upregulated the expression of SAUR (Small auxin-up RNA) to promote IAA synthesis, and suppressed the transcription of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 may promote IAA synthesis in garlic through SAUR.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Gene
- SAURe7
- Outcome
- IAA synthesise7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Mechanistically, UW4 upregulated the expression of SAUR (Small auxin-up RNA) to promote IAA synthesis, and suppressed the transcription of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 suppressed transcription of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4e7
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Outcome
- transcription of ethylene biosynthesis-related genese7
- Direction
- suppressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Mechanistically, UW4 upregulated the expression of SAUR (Small auxin-up RNA) to promote IAA synthesis, and suppressed the transcription of ethylene biosynthesis-related genes”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 downregulated PYL genes in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4e6
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Gene
- PYL (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like)e6
- Outcome
- PYL (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like) genese6
- Direction
- downregulatione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Additionally, the downregulation of PYL (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like) genes indicated that UW4 also modulates the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 may modulate the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway in garlic through PYL genes.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Gene
- PYL (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like)e6
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathwaye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Additionally, the downregulation of PYL (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like) genes indicated that UW4 also modulates the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 groups showed significantly downregulated ACO expression in garlic.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- UW4 groupse7
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas sp. UW4Pseudomonas sp. UW4t0symbiont
- Gene
- ACO (ACC oxidase)e7
- Outcome
- expressione7
- Direction
- downregulatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validation confirmed that the expression of ACO (ACC oxidase), a key rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene synthesis, was significantly downregulated in UW4 groups”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
Claim · model-written summary
UW4 is concluded to optimize garlic growth and yield potential by coordinately regulating auxin, ethylene and ABA metabolism and gene expression.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- growth and yield potentiale7
- Qualifier
- by coordinately regulating auxin, ethylene, and ABA metabolism and gene expressione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Collectively, our findings demonstrate that UW4 optimizes garlic growth and yield potential by coordinately regulating auxin, ethylene, and ABA metabolism and gene expression”
t0“Pseudomonas sp. UW4 promotes garlic growth”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Pseudomonas sp. UW4 · Allium sativum (garlic)Results agree
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