Abstract
Short-term continuous cropping poses major challenges to peanut production, characterized by soil degradation, microbial dysbiosis, and substantial yield decline. This study evaluated straw biochar as a sustainable soil management strategy to alleviate these obstacles in short-term continuous cropping systems. A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC). Key indicators, including photosynthetic parameters, soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions (POC, DOC), pH, total nitrogen (TN), water content (SWC), enzyme activities (invertase, N-acetyl-β- D -glucosaminidase, β-glucosidase), microbial community composition, carbon utilization capacity, and peanut yield were assessed to unravel the regulatory mechanisms. Results showed that straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut leaf SPAD values, actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), and net photosynthetic rate (P N ) by 26.56%, 11.17%, and 35.92%, respectively, compared to TP. Furthermore, BC treatment significantly increased SWC, SOC, POC, DOC, and TN, and effectively increased soil pH over the three years. These biochemical improvements were coupled with consistently higher activities of key enzymes. Crucially, biochar restructured the soil microbiome by enriching beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Chthoniobacter , Pseudomonas ) and, more importantly, significantly suppressing the relative abundance of potential fungal pathogens, particularly Fusarium and Aspergillus . Predicted functional profiling showed an enhancement in chemoheterotrophy, and Biolog EcoPlates analysis revealed a time-dependent, cumulative enhancement of soil microbial carbon utilization, which largely recovered to pre-cultivation levels after three years. Collectively, these results demonstrate that straw biochar alleviates short-term continuous cropping stress by modulating soil biochemical properties—specifically through pH elevation, nutrient enrichment, and increased enzyme activity. This improvement fosters the restoration of microbial equilibrium and functional diversity, which in turn enhances peanut photosynthesis and yield. Consequently, straw biochar emerges as a promising sustainable solution for overcoming continuous cropping challenges. • Straw biochar improved yield of short-term continuously cropped peanut. • Biochar enhanced soil biochemical properties including SOC, pH and enzymes. • Biochar enriched beneficial Pseudomonas and suppressed pathogenic Fusarium . • Biochar mitigates obstacles of short-term continuous peanut cropping.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut leaf SPAD values by 26.56% compared with traditional planting.
- Taxon
- peanut
Arachis hypogaeae1 - Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- straw biochare1
- Outcome
- leaf SPAD valuese1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 26.56%e1
- Comparator
- TPe1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut leaf SPAD values, actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), and net photosynthetic rate (P N ) by 26.56%, 11.17%, and 35.92%, respectively, compared to TP”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) by 11.17% compared with traditional planting.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- straw biochare1
- Outcome
- actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII)e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 11.17%e1
- Comparator
- TPe1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut leaf SPAD values, actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), and net photosynthetic rate (P N ) by 26.56%, 11.17%, and 35.92%, respectively, compared to TP”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut net photosynthetic rate by 35.92% compared with traditional planting.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae1
- Treatment
- straw biochare1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P N )e1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 35.92%e1
- Comparator
- TPe1
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“straw biochar significantly enhanced peanut leaf SPAD values, actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), and net photosynthetic rate (P N ) by 26.56%, 11.17%, and 35.92%, respectively, compared to TP”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
BC treatment significantly increased soil water content, SOC and POC in the peanut field.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente2
- Outcome
- SWC, SOC, POCe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e2“BC treatment significantly increased SWC, SOC, POC, DOC, and TN, and effectively increased soil pH over the three years”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
BC treatment significantly increased soil DOC and TN in the peanut field.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente2
- Outcome
- DOC, and TNe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e2“BC treatment significantly increased SWC, SOC, POC, DOC, and TN, and effectively increased soil pH over the three years”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
BC treatment effectively increased soil pH in the peanut field over three years.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- BC treatmente2
- Outcome
- soil pHe2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e2“BC treatment significantly increased SWC, SOC, POC, DOC, and TN, and effectively increased soil pH over the three years”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar consistently increased activities of key soil enzymes in peanut cropping.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- straw biochar amendment (BC)e0
- Outcome
- activities of key enzymese3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e3“These biochemical improvements were coupled with consistently higher activities of key enzymes”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enriched the beneficial soil bacterium Pseudomonas in the peanut field.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare4
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase4other - Outcome
- beneficial bacterial generae4
- Direction
- enrichinge4
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e4“biochar restructured the soil microbiome by enriching beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Chthoniobacter , Pseudomonas )”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enriched the beneficial soil bacterium Chthoniobacter in the peanut field.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare4
- Interactor
- ChthoniobacterChthoniobactere4other
- Outcome
- beneficial bacterial generae4
- Direction
- enrichinge4
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e4“biochar restructured the soil microbiome by enriching beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Chthoniobacter , Pseudomonas )”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar suppressed the relative abundance of the potential pathogen Fusarium in the peanut field.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare4
- Outcome
- relative abundance of potential fungal pathogense5
- Direction
- suppressinge5
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e5“significantly suppressing the relative abundance of potential fungal pathogens, particularly Fusarium and Aspergillus”
e4“biochar restructured the soil microbiome by enriching beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Chthoniobacter , Pseudomonas )”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar suppressed the relative abundance of the potential pathogen Aspergillus in the peanut field.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- biochare4
- Interactor
- Aspergillus
Aspergilluse5pathogen - Outcome
- relative abundance of potential fungal pathogense5
- Direction
- suppressinge5
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e5“significantly suppressing the relative abundance of potential fungal pathogens, particularly Fusarium and Aspergillus”
e4“biochar restructured the soil microbiome by enriching beneficial bacterial genera (e.g., Chthoniobacter , Pseudomonas )”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Predicted functional profiling indicated an enhancement in chemoheterotrophy of the soil microbiome under straw biochar amendment.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- straw biochar amendment (BC)e0
- Outcome
- chemoheterotrophye6
- Direction
- enhancemente6
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e6“Predicted functional profiling showed an enhancement in chemoheterotrophy”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biolog EcoPlates analysis showed a time-dependent, cumulative enhancement of soil microbial carbon utilization under straw biochar amendment.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- straw biochar amendment (BC)e0
- Outcome
- soil microbial carbon utilizatione7
- Direction
- enhancemente7
- Qualifier
- time-dependent, cumulativee7
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e7“Biolog EcoPlates analysis revealed a time-dependent, cumulative enhancement of soil microbial carbon utilization, which largely recovered to pre-cultivation levels after three years”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbial carbon utilization under straw biochar amendment largely recovered to pre-cultivation levels after three years.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- straw biochar amendment (BC)e0
- Outcome
- soil microbial carbon utilizatione7
- Direction
- largely recoverede7
- Comparator
- pre-cultivation levelse7
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e7“Biolog EcoPlates analysis revealed a time-dependent, cumulative enhancement of soil microbial carbon utilization, which largely recovered to pre-cultivation levels after three years”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar may alleviate short-term continuous cropping stress in peanut by modulating soil biochemical properties.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- straw biochare7
- Outcome
- short-term continuous cropping stresse7
- Qualifier
- modulating soil biochemical propertiese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhancing peanut production under short-term continuous cropping with straw biochar”
e7“straw biochar alleviates short-term continuous cropping stress by modulating soil biochemical properties”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw biochar improved the yield of short-term continuously cropped peanut compared with traditional planting.
- Taxon
- peanutArachis hypogaeae6
- Treatment
- Straw biochare6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- improvede6
- Qualifier
- short-term continuously croppede6
- Comparator
- traditional planting (TP)e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Straw biochar improved yield of short-term continuously cropped peanut”
e0“A three-year field experiment (2021–2023) was conducted to compare traditional planting (TP) with straw biochar amendment (BC)”
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See all 8 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.