Abstract
Abstract In this study, the effects of salt stress on the germination of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), a major source of affordable plant protein and an important staple in Nigeria were examined. The three salts that were applied at concentrations of 100 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm were sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Distilled water was utilised as the control in this study. To find out how well they responded in terms of germination, growth, and nutritional value, white and brown bean cultivars were evaluated. Priming of 200 healthy seeds in the respective prepared salt solutions was done using a completely randomised design. Growth metrics such biomass, shoot length and root length, germination rate and leaf spread were measured and moisture content was ascertained by the germination. The results showed that salinity stress significantly affected both growth performance and proximate composition. Sodium chloride (NaCl) had the most detrimental effect, particularly at higher concentrations where it reduced biomass and overall plant development. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) was comparatively less harmful, while potassium chloride (KCl) exhibited moderate effects with some treatments maintaining relatively better growth performance. In addition, analysis of seed nutritional composition revealed that crude protein content remained relatively stable across all treatments, ranging from approximately 11.96% to 13.31%, indicating that protein levels were not significantly influenced by salt type or concentration. However, carbohydrate content varied noticeably with NaCl treatments showing minimal change, NaHCO₃ causing moderate increases and KCl leading to a progressive rise in carbohydrate levels, reaching the highest values at increased concentrations. The control sample showed moderate nutritional values, while untreated sowing seeds exhibited the highest carbohydrate content reflecting their natural composition prior to treatment. Also, white bean cultivars demonstrated greater tolerance to moderate salinity stress compared to brown beans, particularly during germination and early shoot development. Overall, the study concludes that salinity stress reduces both growth and nutritional quality of common beans, with sodium chloride being the most harmful and sodium bicarbonate the least. It is therefore recommended that salt-tolerant cultivars be introduced alongside improved soil and water management practices to prevent sodium accumulation, as well as further research into the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance to support sustainable bean production in saline-prone regions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly affected bean growth performance.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Phaseolus vulgarist0 - Outcome
- growth performancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress significantly affected both growth performance and proximate composition”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly affected bean proximate composition.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- proximate compositione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salinity stress significantly affected both growth performance and proximate composition”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride reduced bean biomass, especially at higher concentrations.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Sodium chloride (NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- particularly at higher concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium chloride (NaCl) had the most detrimental effect, particularly at higher concentrations where it reduced biomass and overall plant development”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride reduced overall bean development, especially at higher concentrations.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Sodium chloride (NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- overall plant developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- particularly at higher concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium chloride (NaCl) had the most detrimental effect, particularly at higher concentrations where it reduced biomass and overall plant development”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate was less harmful to bean growth than sodium chloride.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)e0
- Outcome
- less harmfule0
- Direction
- less harmfule0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) was comparatively less harmful”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some potassium chloride treatments maintained relatively better bean growth performance.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- potassium chloride (KCl)e0
- Outcome
- growth performancee0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium chloride (KCl) exhibited moderate effects with some treatments maintaining relatively better growth performance”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean seed crude protein remained relatively stable across salt treatments, at approximately 11.96% to 13.31%.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Outcome
- crude protein contente0
- Direction
- remained relatively stablee0
- Value
- 11.96% to 13.31%e0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crude protein content remained relatively stable across all treatments, ranging from approximately 11.96% to 13.31%, indicating that protein levels were not significantly influenced by salt type or concentration”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride treatments produced minimal change in bean carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmentse0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- minimal changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate content varied noticeably with NaCl treatments showing minimal change, NaHCO₃ causing moderate increases and KCl leading to a progressive rise in carbohydrate levels”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate caused moderate increases in bean carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NaHCO₃e0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- moderate increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate content varied noticeably with NaCl treatments showing minimal change, NaHCO₃ causing moderate increases and KCl leading to a progressive rise in carbohydrate levels”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium chloride progressively raised bean carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Treatment
- KCle0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate levelse0
- Direction
- progressive risee0
- Qualifier
- reaching the highest values at increased concentrationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbohydrate content varied noticeably with NaCl treatments showing minimal change, NaHCO₃ causing moderate increases and KCl leading to a progressive rise in carbohydrate levels, reaching the highest values at increased concentrations”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated sowing seeds had the highest carbohydrate content.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Organ / stage
- untreated sowing seedse0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“untreated sowing seeds exhibited the highest carbohydrate content reflecting their natural composition prior to treatment”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
Claim · model-written summary
White bean cultivars showed greater tolerance to moderate salinity than brown beans during germination and early shoot development.
- Taxon
- common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)Phaseolus vulgarist0
- Material
- white bean cultivarse0
- Outcome
- tolerance to moderate salinity stresse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- particularly during germination and early shoot developmente0
- Comparator
- brown beanse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“white bean cultivars demonstrated greater tolerance to moderate salinity stress compared to brown beans, particularly during germination and early shoot development”
t0“common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results differ
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
39 papers more in this group
See all 43 papers →sodium chloride · quality: sugar starch · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
sodium hydrogencarbonate · quality: sugar starch · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
potassium chloride · quality: sugar starch · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.