Abstract
Water deficit is considered one of the most significant factors limiting cowpea productivity, necessitating sustainable strategies to improve crop tolerance to drought stress. This study investigated the effects of foliar application of Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena on the growth, physiological performance, and productivity of cowpea under different irrigation intervals. Under the 15-day irrigation interval (water-stressed condition), the combined Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena treatment increased total seed yield by more than 30% compared with the stressed untreated control. This confirms the strong role of the consortium in improving drought tolerance and productivity under limited irrigation. Anabaena was identified as Anabaena cylindrica using rpoC1 gene sequence analysis. Phytohormone content of A. cylindrica was quantified by HPLC and bioactive compounds from Bradyrhizobium sp. and A. cylindrica were detected by GC- MS. The study evaluated nodule number, leaf N, K, Na contents, K/Na ratio, chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugars (TSS), relative water content (RWC), proline concentration, antioxidant enzymes (APX and CAT), and soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase and urease) along with yield components and total seed yield. Results showed that the consortium treatment significantly improved chlorophyll, carotenoids, TSS, and RWC, while reducing proline accumulation compared with stressed control. It also increased root nodulation, enhanced N and K uptake, reduced Na accumulation, and improved K/Na ratio. It stimulated CAT and APX activities in leaves and enhanced soil enzyme activities, leading to improved yield components and overall productivity under drought stress. These findings highlight the potential of combining Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena cylindrica as an eco-friendly and sustainable biostimulant strategy to enhance cowpea productivity and drought resilience under water-limited conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena increased cowpea total seed yield by more than 30% under 15-day irrigation.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- combined Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena treatmente0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- total seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- more than 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 15-day irrigation intervale0
- Comparator
- stressed untreated controle0
AnabaenaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the 15-day irrigation interval (water-stressed condition), the combined Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena treatment increased total seed yield by more than 30% compared with the stressed untreated control.”
t0“Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium improved chlorophyll, carotenoids and total soluble sugars under stress.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- consortium treatmente0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll, carotenoids, TSSe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- stressed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the consortium treatment significantly improved chlorophyll, carotenoids, TSS, and RWC, while reducing proline accumulation compared with stressed control.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium improved relative water content.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- consortium treatmente0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- RWCe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- stressed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the consortium treatment significantly improved chlorophyll, carotenoids, TSS, and RWC, while reducing proline accumulation compared with stressed control.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium reduced proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- consortium treatmente0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Comparator
- stressed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed that the consortium treatment significantly improved chlorophyll, carotenoids, TSS, and RWC, while reducing proline accumulation compared with stressed control.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium increased root nodulation.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- root nodulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased root nodulation, enhanced N and K uptake, reduced Na accumulation, and improved K/Na ratio.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium enhanced N and K uptake.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- N and K uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased root nodulation, enhanced N and K uptake, reduced Na accumulation, and improved K/Na ratio.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium reduced Na accumulation.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- Na accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased root nodulation, enhanced N and K uptake, reduced Na accumulation, and improved K/Na ratio.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium improved K/Na ratio.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- K/Na ratioe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased root nodulation, enhanced N and K uptake, reduced Na accumulation, and improved K/Na ratio.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium stimulated leaf CAT and APX activity.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- CAT and APX activitiese0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It stimulated CAT and APX activities in leaves and enhanced soil enzyme activities, leading to improved yield components and overall productivity under drought stress.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium enhanced soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It stimulated CAT and APX activities in leaves and enhanced soil enzyme activities, leading to improved yield components and overall productivity under drought stress.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The consortium improved yield components and overall productivity under drought stress.
- Taxon
- CowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium and Anabaenat0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- yield components and overall productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It stimulated CAT and APX activities in leaves and enhanced soil enzyme activities, leading to improved yield components and overall productivity under drought stress.”
t0“Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena improve stress tolerance under deficit irrigation of Cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose the combined microbes as a sustainable biostimulant strategy for cowpea drought resilience.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Anabaena cylindricaAnabaena cylindricae0symbiont
- Outcome
- eco-friendly and sustainable biostimulant strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings highlight the potential of combining Bradyrhizobium and Anabaena cylindrica as an eco-friendly and sustainable biostimulant strategy to enhance cowpea productivity and drought resilience under water-limited conditions.”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.