Abstract
Arabidopsis encodes 10 TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATASE (TPP) genes, homologous to maize RAMOSA3 (RA3), which controls shoot branching. Here, we explored the functions of the Arabidopsis TPPs. We used expression profiling, multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 editing and metabolite profiling to explore the function of Arabidopsis TPP genes. The Arabidopsis TPP genes had distinct expression patterns in shoot apices, with TPPI and TPPJ expressed in shoot meristem boundaries, reminiscent of RA3 expression. Single and double mutants in these genes lacked obvious phenotypes; however, a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genes led to increased branching and earlier flowering. Native expression of GFP-tagged TPPI partially complemented these defects, with protein localization in meristems, vascular tissues and in nuclei. Metabolite profiling revealed higher trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), lower trehalose and altered sugar and iron-associated metabolites. The 10× tpp mutants were also chlorotic, had low iron levels and could be rescued by iron supplementation. Consistently, developmental and iron-responsive genes were upregulated in the 10× tpp mutants, while photosynthesis-related genes were repressed. Our findings suggest that TPP genes redundantly regulate shoot architecture, sugar metabolism, iron homeostasis and photosynthesis in Arabidopsis, and support a role for TPP-mediated Tre6P signaling in coordinating developmental and physiological pathways.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
The Arabidopsis TPP genes had distinct expression patterns in shoot apices.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Organ / stage
- shoot apicese0
- Gene
- TPP genese0
- Outcome
- distinct expression patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Arabidopsis TPP genes had distinct expression patterns in shoot apices”
Claim · model-written summary
TPPI and TPPJ were expressed in shoot meristem boundaries.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- shoot meristem boundariese0
- Gene
- TPPI and TPPJe0
- Outcome
- expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TPPI and TPPJ expressed in shoot meristem boundaries”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Single and double mutants in the TPP genes lacked obvious phenotypes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- Single and double mutantse0
- Outcome
- obvious phenotypese0
- Direction
- lackede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Single and double mutants in these genes lacked obvious phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
A CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genes led to increased branching.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genese0
- Outcome
- branchinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genes led to increased branching and earlier flowering”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
A CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genes led to earlier flowering.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genese0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of all 10 TPP genes led to increased branching and earlier flowering”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Native expression of GFP-tagged TPPI partially complemented the branching and flowering defects of the knockout.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Native expression of GFP-tagged TPPIe0
- Gene
- TPPIe0
- Outcome
- these defectse0
- Direction
- partially complementede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Native expression of GFP-tagged TPPI partially complemented these defects”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
GFP-tagged TPPI protein localized in meristems, vascular tissues and nuclei.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- meristems, vascular tissuese0
- Gene
- GFP-tagged TPPIe1
- Outcome
- protein localizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with protein localization in meristems, vascular tissues and in nuclei”
e1“GFP-tagged TPPI”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolite profiling revealed higher trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P).
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P)”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolite profiling revealed lower trehalose.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- trehalosee0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lower trehalose”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolite profiling revealed altered sugar and iron-associated metabolites.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- sugar and iron-associated metabolitese0
- Direction
- alterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered sugar and iron-associated metabolites”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10x tpp mutants were chlorotic.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 10× tpp mutantse0
- Outcome
- chlorotice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 10× tpp mutants were also chlorotic”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10x tpp mutants had low iron levels.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 10× tpp mutantse0
- Outcome
- iron levelse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 10× tpp mutants were also chlorotic, had low iron levels”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10x tpp mutant defects could be rescued by iron supplementation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 10× tpp mutantse0
- Treatment
- iron supplementatione0
- Outcome
- chlorotice0
- Direction
- rescuede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 10× tpp mutants were also chlorotic, had low iron levels and could be rescued by iron supplementation”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Developmental and iron-responsive genes were upregulated in the 10x tpp mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 10× tpp mutantse0
- Outcome
- developmental and iron-responsive genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consistently, developmental and iron-responsive genes were upregulated in the 10× tpp mutants, while photosynthesis-related genes were repressed”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis-related genes were repressed in the 10x tpp mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 10× tpp mutantse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis-related genese0
- Direction
- repressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Consistently, developmental and iron-responsive genes were upregulated in the 10× tpp mutants, while photosynthesis-related genes were repressed”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest TPP genes redundantly regulate shoot architecture, sugar metabolism, iron homeostasis and photosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- TPP genese0
- Outcome
- shoot architecture, sugar metabolism, iron homeostasis and photosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our findings suggest that TPP genes redundantly regulate shoot architecture, sugar metabolism, iron homeostasis and photosynthesis in Arabidopsis”