Abstract
for the role of maintenance of photosynthetic integrity as a key determinant of stress tolerance. Hormonal signalling and stress-responsive regulatory pathways were also identified as important mediators of plant adaptation. Chen et al. showed that hybrid Pennisetum heat stress activates α-linolenic acid metabolism and jasmonic acid biosynthesis, and exogenous jasmonic acid promotes thermotolerance as well as the maintenance of chlorophyll content and water content under elevated temperature. In support of these observations, the review concerning Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and abscisic acid (ABA) signalling provided another example of the interplay between ABAmediated signalling and synthesis/accumulation of LEA proteins for stress adaption (Hao et al.). The review proposed a unifying framework in which the ABA signaling, the transcriptional activation process, osmotic adjustment response, membrane stabilization and molecular chaperone functions all synergistically act together to enhance stress tolerance. These studies provide insight into how hormonal signaling pathways coordinate the perception of environmental stress through feedback with downstream physiological and molecular events. Ion homeostasis and membrane transport under salinity stress is another major theme of this research topic. he activatable salt tolerance marker, the mulberry Morus notabilis Salt Overly Sensitive 3 (MnSOS3) protein was shown to regulate Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis enhancing (Salt Overly Sensitive) SOS signalling pathway through salinity-induced plasma membrane localization (Liu et al.). Similarly, Gong et al. identified and characterized chloride channel gene family members in potato and showed that multiple (solanum tuberosum Chloride Channel) StCLC genes are strongly induced under salt stress, particularly in roots, suggesting important functions in chloride transport and ionic balance. In summary, these studies underscore the pivotal participation of transport systems that associate with membranes within plant adaptation to salinity. Various molecular approaches such as transcriptomics and multi-omics also featured prominently in the studies described within this topic. In an extensive comparative transcriptomic analysis, contrasting rice genotypes were found to adopt distinct response strategies in terms of iron transport/deficiency and homeostasis under low available iron environments. In fenugreek, genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes that were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, hormone signal transduction pathways, antioxidant defence mechanisms and carbohydrate metabolism (Wang et al.). Similarly, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of red-leaf cotton revealed extensive dynamic regulation of the biosynthesis of flavonoids and accumulation of anthocyanins in response to both drought and re watering at specific developmental stages with observable metabolic recovery. Together, these studies show the relevance of systems-level approaches to connect gene expression with physiologic and metabolic response to stress (Zhang et al.).Apart from molecular and biochemical responses a few studies focus on the importance of structural and physiological adaptation. Genome-wide analysis of GDSL lipase family genes revealed the potential contribution of stomatal outer cuticular ledge development in regulating water-loss and drought tolerance in Dendrobium catenatum, highlighting a general procedure for adaptively modifying the epidermal cuticular features during stress conditions (Tang et al.). Moreover, investigations analysing stomatal adaptability, chloroplast arrangement and leaf histological variation confirmed that stress tolerance includes the simultaneous responses operating at cell, tissue, and plant level (Tang et al.). As a whole, the articles featured in this research topic confirm that abiotic stress tolerance in plants is a surprisingly complex and active process requiring integration of distal mechanisms including redox regulation, hormone signaling, photosynthetic protection, ion transport ability metabolic reprogramming transcriptional reprogramming and structural adaptation (Figure 1). The integration of physiology with genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and functional validation approaches provides valuable opportunities for identifying key regulatory hubs associated with stress resilience. Future studies should be pursued toward the integration of multi-omics technologies with field-based phenotyping, gene functional validation and precision breeding approaches in order to capture adaptive/trait responses of plants under realistic growth conditions. A larger focus should also be on identification of conserved pathways that mediate stress response to multiple abiotic stresses in eco-evolutionary circumstances while acknowledging species-and even tissue-specific adaptive mechanisms. Such integrative approaches will be essential for developing crops capable of maintaining productivity under increasingly unpredictable climatic conditions. In conclusion, this research topic sheds light on plant responses to abiotic stresses and acclaimed biological plasticity of physiological, molecular or biochemical adaptation strategies. In combination with the following studies, these ensure that we have gained insight into plant mechanisms for maintaining cell homeostasis or stomatal opening under some environmental constraints while others are able to protect photosynthetic systems and coordinate ion transport pathways at cellular level or signalled together as a network of responses to stress. Such advances would lay a critical foundation for future efforts to better equipped crops and characteristics that sustain agriculture in the global climate change context. Keywords: abiotic stress; plant stress physiology; oxidative stress; redox homeostasis; stress-responsive signaling; multi-omics integration List of Figure Figure 1. Integrated physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to abiotic stress (Created in BioRender. Mizanur Rahman (2026) https://BioRender.com/5i90djl) Conceptual basis for the physiological, molecular, biochemical and structural processes by which plants adapt to abiotic stresses. Drought, salinity, flooding, heat and nutrient deficiency can each activate interconnected array of regulatory networks including those involved in redox homeostasis, hormonal signaling, ion transport, photosynthetic protection, transcriptomic reprogramming metabolic remodeling and structural adaptation to compensate for the stress., thereby determining crop resistance to climateinduced stresses.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous jasmonic acid promoted thermotolerance and maintained chlorophyll and water content of hybrid Pennisetum under elevated temperature
- Taxon
- hybrid Pennisetum
Pennisetume0 - Treatment
- exogenous jasmonic acide1
- Outcome
- thermotolerancee1
- Direction
- promotese1
- Qualifier
- under elevated temperaturee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hybrid Pennisetum heat stress activates α-linolenic acid metabolism and jasmonic acid biosynthesis”
e1“exogenous jasmonic acid promotes thermotolerance as well as the maintenance of chlorophyll content and water content under elevated temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA signalling, osmotic adjustment, membrane stabilization and chaperone functions were proposed to act together to enhance stress tolerance in plants
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- osmotic adjustment response, membrane stabilization and molecular chaperone functionse0
Verbatim
e0“The review proposed a unifying framework in which the ABA signaling, the transcriptional activation process, osmotic adjustment response, membrane stabilization and molecular chaperone functions all synergistically act together to enhance stress tolerance”
e1“abiotic stress tolerance in plants is a surprisingly complex and active process”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulberry MnSOS3 protein regulates Na+/K+ homeostasis through salinity-induced plasma membrane localization
- Taxon
- Morus notabilisMorus notabilise0
- Gene
- MnSOS3e0
- Outcome
- Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasise0
- Qualifier
- salinity-induced plasma membrane localizatione1
Verbatim
e0“the mulberry Morus notabilis Salt Overly Sensitive 3 (MnSOS3) protein was shown to regulate Na⁺/K⁺ homeostasis”
e1“through salinity-induced plasma membrane localization”
Claim · model-written summary
StCLC chloride channel genes of potato are strongly induced under salt stress, particularly in roots
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- StCLCe0
- Outcome
- StCLC genese0
- Direction
- strongly inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gong et al. identified and characterized chloride channel gene family members in potato and showed that multiple (solanum tuberosum Chloride Channel) StCLC genes are strongly induced under salt stress, particularly in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Contrasting rice genotypes adopt distinct response strategies for iron transport, deficiency and homeostasis under low available iron
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- contrasting rice genotypese0
- Treatment
- low available irone0
- Outcome
- response strategies in terms of iron transport/deficiency and homeostasise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contrasting rice genotypes were found to adopt distinct response strategies in terms of iron transport/deficiency and homeostasis under low available iron environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenugreek transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in flavonoid, hormone, antioxidant and carbohydrate metabolism pathways
- Taxon
- fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecume0 - Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Qualifier
- flavonoid biosynthesis, hormone signal transduction pathways, antioxidant defence mechanisms and carbohydrate metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In fenugreek, genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes that were involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, hormone signal transduction pathways, antioxidant defence mechanisms and carbohydrate metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Red-leaf cotton showed dynamic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and anthocyanin accumulation under drought and re-watering at specific developmental stages
Verbatim
e0“integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of red-leaf cotton revealed extensive dynamic regulation of the biosynthesis of flavonoids and accumulation of anthocyanins in response to both drought and re watering at specific developmental stages”
Claim · model-written summary
GDSL lipase family genes may contribute to stomatal outer cuticular ledge development that regulates water loss and drought tolerance in Dendrobium catenatum
- Taxon
- Dendrobium catenatum
_Lindl.%2C_Gen._Sp._Orchid._Pl.-_84_(1830)._(32624812394).jpg?width=60)
Dendrobium catenatume0 - Gene
- GDSL lipase family genese0
- Outcome
- water-loss and drought tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- stomatal outer cuticular ledge developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Lindl.%2C_Gen._Sp._Orchid._Pl.-_84_(1830)._(32624812394).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Genome-wide analysis of GDSL lipase family genes revealed the potential contribution of stomatal outer cuticular ledge development in regulating water-loss and drought tolerance in Dendrobium catenatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal adaptability, chloroplast arrangement and leaf histology show that stress tolerance involves responses at cell, tissue and plant level
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- stomatal adaptability, chloroplast arrangement and leaf histological variatione0
Verbatim
e0“investigations analysing stomatal adaptability, chloroplast arrangement and leaf histological variation confirmed that stress tolerance includes the simultaneous responses operating at cell, tissue, and plant level”
e1“abiotic stress tolerance in plants is a surprisingly complex and active process”
Claim · model-written summary
Future studies should integrate multi-omics with field phenotyping, gene validation and precision breeding to develop crops that keep productivity
Verbatim
e0“Future studies should be pursued toward the integration of multi-omics technologies with field-based phenotyping, gene functional validation and precision breeding approaches”
e1“developing crops capable of maintaining productivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Identification of conserved pathways mediating stress response to multiple abiotic stresses should be a larger focus of future work
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee2
- Outcome
- identification of conserved pathways that mediate stress responsee0
Verbatim
e0“A larger focus should also be on identification of conserved pathways that mediate stress response to multiple abiotic stresses”
e2“abiotic stress tolerance in plants is a surprisingly complex and active process”