Abstract
APPLE • Apple replant disease in central Europe has a consistent biotic origin which is responsible for about 30% of growth reduction in multi-generation orchards. Cylindrocarpon-like fungi and Pythium spp. were shown to be primarily responsible for plant growth reduction, which was confirmed as main indicator of apple replant disease. • Pyrosequencing analysis of rhizospheric microbial communities associated to replanted orchards confirmed that Cylindrocarpon-like fungi are largely associated to replant disease; however, it also evidenced that several bacterial and fungal genera indigenous to replanted orchards are positively correlated to plant growth. This suggested that many are the indigenous resource to be exploited for increasing plant growth/soil health in permanent cropping systems. • Pre-plant treatment with locally available composts of different origin showed a variable effect in plant growth. Composted mushroom substrate gave the best performance in four countries involved in the evaluation. The phytotoxicity effect, due to high salt content in composts, represents a limit that can be overcome by setting up suitable amendment doses. • Cover crops in pre-plant can induce microbial changes at the rhizosphere level of the subsequent apple orchards, despite soil microbial resilience due to long-term management of soil. However, one only pre-plant break with cover crop is not sufficient to mitigate replant disease in the subsequent newly planted trees. • Commercially available bio-formulates in each country involved in the project and selected for their common ingredients (Trichoderma spp., Bacillus, Paecilomyces and other strain active in biocontrol) did not result overall effective in reducing common apple replant disease, although two specific products out of ten selected in all cases gave the highest plant growth. To the contrary, two out of ten bio-formulates were effective in controlling Phytophthora cactorum attack. • Among the non-chemical options tested for reducing replant problems, soil steam application in pre-plant gave promising results after one-year field trials. CITRUS • Phytophthora citrophtora was mainly responsible for citrus degradation in Mediterranean countries. A study on conversion to organic cultivation performed in a large degraded citrus orchards in Valencia province (Spain) gave 25% of plants dead for Phytophthora attack within 2-year after transplant. • Growth response of newly planted trees to different soil management (including solarisation, cover crops and organic amendments) and the application of ten commercially available bioformulates (biofungicides, nematocides and biostimulants and active principles) in degraded citrus orchards was not significantly affected by any pre-plant treatments. • Techniques based on the application of organic matter shortly before replanting are not successful in total control of Phytophthora attack in citrus degraded orchards, but do reduce damage to soil organic matter and biological activity compared to more aggressive techniques such as solarisation. Vegetal covers appear to be very promising in this respect as they cause a large stimulation of biological activity in soil when applied to degraded orchards. • Soil enzymes were shown to be very useful indicators of changes in soil quality when converting degraded citrus to organic management in Mediterranean environment • Phytophthora citrophtora severity attack was successfully reduced by several bio-formulates commercially available in Turkey (especially those with Lactobacillus acidophilus and biologically active principles as their main ingredients) in controlled conditions using citrus rootstocks. However, findings of the project overall showed that, origin, type and condition of the replant soil strongly affect the effectiveness of the biological active formulate in controlling Phytophthora attack in newly planted citrus trees.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Apple replant disease had a consistent biotic origin associated with about 30% growth reduction.
- Taxon
- APPLE
Malus domesticae0 - Outcome
- growth reductione0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Setting
- central Europee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apple replant disease in central Europe has a consistent biotic origin which is responsible for about 30% of growth reduction in multi-generation orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Cylindrocarpon-like fungi were a primary cause of reduced apple growth.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- Cylindrocarpon-like fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant growth reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cylindrocarpon-like fungi and Pythium spp. were shown to be primarily responsible for plant growth reduction”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium spp. were a primary cause of reduced apple growth.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- plant growth reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
PythiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cylindrocarpon-like fungi and Pythium spp. were shown to be primarily responsible for plant growth reduction”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Cylindrocarpon-like fungi were strongly associated with apple replant disease.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- Cylindrocarpon-like fungie0pathogen
- Outcome
- replant diseasee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pyrosequencing analysis of rhizospheric microbial communities associated to replanted orchards confirmed that Cylindrocarpon-like fungi are largely associated to replant disease”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Several indigenous bacterial and fungal genera were positively correlated with apple growth.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Interactor
- bacterial and fungal generae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several bacterial and fungal genera indigenous to replanted orchards are positively correlated to plant growth”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant composts had variable effects on apple growth.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- locally available compostse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pre-plant treatment with locally available composts of different origin showed a variable effect in plant growth”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Composted mushroom substrate performed best for apple growth in four countries.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Composted mushroom substratee0
- Outcome
- best performancee0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- four countriese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Composted mushroom substrate gave the best performance in four countries involved in the evaluation”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
High compost salt content caused phytotoxicity in apple systems.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicity effecte0
- Qualifier
- high salt content in compostse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phytotoxicity effect, due to high salt content in composts, represents a limit”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant cover crops changed the rhizosphere microbial community of subsequent apple orchards.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Cover crops in pre-plante0
- Outcome
- microbial changese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crops in pre-plant can induce microbial changes at the rhizosphere level of the subsequent apple orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
A single preplant cover crop break did not sufficiently mitigate apple replant disease.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- pre-plant break with cover crope0
- Outcome
- replant diseasee0
- Direction
- not sufficiente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“one only pre-plant break with cover crop is not sufficient to mitigate replant disease in the subsequent newly planted trees”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial bioformulates were generally ineffective against apple replant disease.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- Commercially available bio-formulatese0
- Outcome
- apple replant diseasee0
- Direction
- did not result overall effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Commercially available bio-formulates in each country involved in the project and selected for their common ingredients (Trichoderma spp., Bacillus, Paecilomyces and other strain active in biocontrol) did not result overall effective in reducing common apple replant disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Two of ten bioformulates gave the highest apple growth.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- two specific productse0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- ten selectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two specific products out of ten selected in all cases gave the highest plant growth”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Two of ten bioformulates controlled Phytophthora cactorum attack in apple.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- two out of ten bio-formulatese0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cactorume0pathogen - Outcome
- Phytophthora cactorum attacke0
- Direction
- controllinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two out of ten bio-formulates were effective in controlling Phytophthora cactorum attack”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant soil steam gave promising results for apple replant problems after a one-year field trial.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- soil steam application in pre-plante0
- Outcome
- promising resultse0
- Setting
- field trialse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil steam application in pre-plant gave promising results after one-year field trials”
e1“APPLE”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytophthora citrophtora was mainly responsible for citrus degradation in Mediterranean countries.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora citrophtorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- citrus degradatione0
- Setting
- Mediterranean countriese0
CitrusNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora citrophtora was mainly responsible for citrus degradation in Mediterranean countries”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytophthora attack killed 25% of transplanted citrus plants within two years in a degraded Valencia orchard.
- Interactor
- Phytophthora
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- plants dead for Phytophthora attacke0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Setting
- Valencia province (Spain)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a large degraded citrus orchards in Valencia province (Spain) gave 25% of plants dead for Phytophthora attack within 2-year after transplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplant treatments did not significantly affect growth of newly planted citrus trees.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth response of newly planted trees to different soil management (including solarisation, cover crops and organic amendments) and the application of ten commercially available bioformulates (biofungicides, nematocides and biostimulants and active principles) in degraded citrus orchards was not significantly affected by any pre-plant treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic matter before citrus replanting did not completely control Phytophthora attack.
- Treatment
- application of organic matter shortly before replantinge0
- Interactor
- PhytophthoraPhytophthorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Phytophthora attacke0
- Direction
- not successful in total controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Techniques based on the application of organic matter shortly before replanting are not successful in total control of Phytophthora attack in citrus degraded orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic matter before replanting reduced damage to soil organic matter and biological activity relative to solarisation in citrus orchards.
- Treatment
- application of organic matter shortly before replantinge2
- Outcome
- damage to soil organic matter and biological activitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Comparator
- solarisatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“do reduce damage to soil organic matter and biological activity compared to more aggressive techniques such as solarisation”
e1“CITRUS”
e2“Techniques based on the application of organic matter shortly before replanting are not successful in total control of Phytophthora attack in citrus degraded orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
Commercial bioformulates reduced Phytophthora citrophtora attack in citrus rootstocks under controlled conditions.
- Treatment
- several bio-formulatese0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora citrophtorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Phytophthora citrophtora severity attacke0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- controlled conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora citrophtora severity attack was successfully reduced by several bio-formulates commercially available in Turkey (especially those with Lactobacillus acidophilus and biologically active principles as their main ingredients) in controlled conditions using citrus rootstocks”
The same questions in other papers
organic · pest · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.