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Taxon groups are the verbatim names found in the abstracts (case-insensitive), not normalised: maize, corn and Zea mays are separate groups here. The Organism view merges them through NCBI Taxonomy.

Observationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn had significantly less temporal yield variability than soybean or sorghum.

Outcome
temporal yield variabilitye0
Direction
lesse0
Comparator
soybean or sorghume0

Verbatim

e0

“Corn had significantly less temporal yield variability than soybean or sorghum.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1216–1295

Title

Fractal Analysis of Temporal Yield Variability of Crop Sequences: Implications for Site‐Specific Management

Bahman Eghball; Gary E. Varvel Agronomy Journal 1997. doi:10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900060001x

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spatial variability was below temporal variability and frequently below 1 mm.

Outcome
Spatial variabilitye0
Direction
less thane0
Value
1 mme0

Verbatim

e0

“Spatial variability was less than temporal variability, and frequently less than 1 mm”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1234–1319
t0

“crop yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–89
e1

“by corn and soybean phenological phase”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1035–1073

Title

Spatial and temporal precipitation variability as a component of site-specific crop yield variability

M. R. O'Neal Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) 2000

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal precipitation variability was 0.17 to 3.40 mm·day−1.

Outcome
Median absolute deviation from a reference yeare0
Value
0.17 to 3.40 mm·day−1e0

Verbatim

e0

“Median absolute deviation from a reference year was 0.17 to 3.40 mm·day−1 (temporal/year-to-year variability)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1123–1232
t0

“crop yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–89
e1

“by corn and soybean phenological phase”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1035–1073

Title

Spatial and temporal precipitation variability as a component of site-specific crop yield variability

M. R. O'Neal Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) 2000

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spatial and temporal cotton yield variability differed among fields.

Outcome
spatial and temporal yield variabilitye1
Qualifier
varied with the fielde1
Setting
Southern High Plainst0

Verbatim

t0

“Irrigated Cotton Yield in the Southern High Plains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–81
e1

“The amount and pattern of spatial and temporal yield variability varied with the field”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 705–791

Title

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Irrigated Cotton Yield in the Southern High Plains

Wenxuan Guo Agronomy 2018. doi:10.3390/agronomy8120298

Other claims from this paper (8)
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Fields with high ECa variability showed a stronger association between spatial and temporal yield patterns and ECa.

Treatment
high variability in ECae1
Outcome
association between spatial and temporal yield patterns and ECae1
Direction
strongere1

Verbatim

t0

“Irrigated Cotton Yield in the Southern High Plains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–81
e1

“Fields with high variability in ECa exhibited a stronger association between spatial and temporal yield patterns and ECa”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 793–913

Title

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Irrigated Cotton Yield in the Southern High Plains

Wenxuan Guo Agronomy 2018. doi:10.3390/agronomy8120298

Other claims from this paper (8)
Mechanismhypothesisoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Spatial and temporal yield patterns in low-variability cotton fields might be more influenced by weather or other factors across seasons.

Outcome
spatial and temporal yield patternse1
Qualifier
weather or other factors in different growing seasonse1

Verbatim

t0

“Irrigated Cotton Yield in the Southern High Plains”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–81
e1

“For fields with low variability in yield, spatial and temporal yield patterns might be more influenced by weather or other factors in different growing seasons”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1217–1376

Title

Spatial and Temporal Trends of Irrigated Cotton Yield in the Southern High Plains

Wenxuan Guo Agronomy 2018. doi:10.3390/agronomy8120298

Other claims from this paper (8)

not stated 33

Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

A theoretical model suggests plausible conditions in which precision farming reduces temporal yield variability.

Treatment
precision farminge0
Outcome
temporal yield variabilitye0
Direction
reducee0

Not reportedTaxonComparatorValue

Verbatim

e0

“A theoretical model is presented that suggests that there are plausible circumstances under which precision farming can reduce temporal yield variability”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 336–489

Title

RISK MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL OF PRECISION FARMING TECHNOLOGIES

Lowenberg-DeBoer, James RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Other claims from this paper (1)
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivesimulated

Claim · model-written summary

A theoretical model suggests precision farming can reduce temporal yield variability under plausible circumstances.

Treatment
precision farminge0
Outcome
temporal yield variabilitye0
Direction
reducee0
Qualifier
plausible circumstancese0

Not reportedTaxonComparator

Verbatim

e0

“A theoretical model is presented that suggests that there are plausible circumstances under which precision farming can reduce temporal yield variability.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 345–499

Title

Risk Management Potential of Precision Farming Technologies

J. Lowenberg-DeBoer Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 1999. doi:10.1017/s1074070800008555

Other claims from this paper (1)
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Agreement between simulated and observed temporal variability was lower.

Outcome
agreement of simulated and observed temporal variabilitye0
Direction
lowere0
Comparator
simulated and observede0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0

“The agreement of simulated and observed temporal variability is lower due to non-climatic factors”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1390–1487

Title

How model and input uncertainty impact maize yield simulations in West Africa

Katharina Waha; Neil Huth; Peter Carberry; et al. Environmental Research Letters 2015. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/024017

Other claims from this paper (7)
Associationobservedoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal variability of grain yield, nitrogen response and net revenue increased with nitrogen rate.

Taxon
MaizeZea mayst0
Treatment
N ratee0
Outcome
Temporal variability of grain yield, N response, and net revenuee0
Direction
increasede0

Verbatim

e0

“Temporal variability of grain yield, N response, and net revenue increased with N rate.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1751–1838
t0

“Maize”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 48–53

Title

Spatio‐Temporal Nitrogen Fertilizer Response in Maize: Field Study and Modeling Approach

Susana M. Albarenque; Bruno Basso; Octavio P. Caviglia; et al. Agronomy Journal 2016. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.02.0081

Other claims from this paper (8)
Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Multifractal methods characterized spatial and temporal leaf area variation and its multiscale yield relation.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
spatial and temporal variability of maize leaf area and multiscale relationship between leaf area and yielde0

Not reportedComparatorValue

Verbatim

e0

“Multifractal theory can effectively characterize spatial and temporal variability of maize leaf area and multiscale relationship between leaf area and yield”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 734–890

Title

Spatial variability of maize leaf area and relationship with yield

Lingling Zhang; Peng Yu; Jilong Liu; et al. Agronomy Journal 2021. doi:10.1002/agj2.20963

Other claims from this paper (5)
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivesimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Models reproduced temporal yield variability for maize with correlation up to 0.888.

Taxon
maizeZea mayse0
Outcome
time series correlation coefficients (r)e0
Value
0.888e0
Comparator
observed temporal variabilitye0
Setting
global scalee0

Verbatim

e0

“maize, wheat and soybean simulations of many GGCMs are capable of reproducing larger parts of observed temporal variability (time series correlation coefficients (r) of up to 0.888 for maize, 0.673 for wheat and 0.643 for soybean at the global scale)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 839–1089

Title

Global gridded crop model evaluation: benchmarking, skills, deficiencies and implications

Christoph Müller; Joshua Elliott; James Chryssanthacopoulos; et al. Geoscientific model development 2017. doi:10.5194/gmd-10-1403-2017

Other claims from this paper (10)

sugarcane 27

Show all 27 →
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sugar and stalk yield response to applied nitrogen showed high spatial and temporal variability.

Taxon
sugarcanee1
Treatment
applied Ne0
Outcome
spatial and temporal variability in sugar and stalk yielde0

Verbatim

e0

“High spatial and temporal variability in sugar and stalk yield to applied N were observed.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1490–1580
e1

“In sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 148–160

Title

Relation between Early Season–Measured Agronomic Variables and Sugar Yield Responses to Nitrogen

Yumiko Kanke; Brenda Tubaña; Marilyn Dalen; et al. Agronomy Journal 2016. doi:10.2134/agronj2015.0037

Other claims from this paper (5)
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Soil explained 15% of variation in sugarcane yield efficiency across seasons.

Taxon
sugarcanet0
Outcome
variabilitye0
Value
15%e0
Qualifier
average of all seasonse0

Not reportedSettingDirection

Verbatim

e0

“Soil explained 15% of the variability, considering the average of all seasons”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 909–986
t0

“sugarcane”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 31–40

Title

Spatio-temporal variability of sugarcane yield efficiency in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Fabio Ricardo Marin; Gustavo Luís de Carvalho Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 2012. doi:10.1590/s0100-204x2012000200001

Other claims from this paper (5)
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The heteroskedastic gamma regression model outperformed the other models for explaining sugarcane yield variability in commercial fields, with R2 of 0.89.

Taxon
sugarcanee0
Outcome
explaining yield variabilitye0
Direction
outperformede0
Value
0.89e0
Comparator
other methodse0
Setting
commercial sugarcane fieldse0

Verbatim

e0

“The results indicate that the heteroskedastic gamma regression model outperformed the other methods in explaining yield variability, particularly in commercial sugarcane fields, achieving a Coefficient Determination (R2) of 0.89.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 921–1150

Title

Predicting Sugarcane Yield Through Temporal Analysis of Satellite Imagery During the Growth Phase

Julio Cezar Souza Vasconcelos; Caio Simplicio Arantes; Eduardo Antonio Speranza; et al. Agronomy 2025. doi:10.3390/agronomy15040793

Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Clustering identified stable spatial and temporal yield clusters.

Outcome
stable, physically meaningful clusters with recognizable spatial and temporal structuree0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“The clustering procedure successfully identified stable, physically meaningful clusters with recognizable spatial and temporal structure”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 954–1090
e1

“rice fields”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 547–558

Title

Factors Underlying Yield Variability in Two California Rice Fields

Alvaro Roel; Richard E. Plant Agronomy Journal 2004. doi:10.2134/agronj2004.1481

Other claims from this paper (2)
Method / resourceauthor interpretationoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The approach generated spatial rice yield maps capturing within-field variability.

Outcome
spatially explicit rice yield mapse0
Value
within-field variabilitye0

Verbatim

e0

“the proposed approach provides accurate, spatially explicit rice yield maps that capture within-field variability”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1371–1484
t0

“Rice Yield Prediction”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–21

Title

Rice Yield Prediction Model at Pixel Level Using Machine Learning and Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Data in Valencia, Spain

Rubén Simeón; Alba Agenjos-Moreno; Constanza Rubio; et al. Agriculture 2026. doi:10.3390/agriculture16020201

Other claims from this paper (10)
Associationobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Heat episode variability was negatively associated with observed rice grain yield across all subregions.

Outcome
observed grain yielde0
Direction
negativee0
Setting
all subregionse0

Verbatim

e0

“Significant negative ( p < 0.05) impacts of the variability of high‐temperature episodes on the observed grain yield were found in all subregions.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1594–1740
t0

“Rice Yield in China”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 81–100

Title

High‐Temperature Episodes with Spatial‐Temporal Variation Impacted Middle‐Season Rice Yield in China

Xinsu Sun; Zhiwei Long; Guangpeng Song; et al. Agronomy Journal 2018. doi:10.2134/agronj2017.09.0510

Other claims from this paper (6)

soybean 24

Show all 24 →
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal soybean yield variability was 20–22%.

Taxon
soybeanGlycine maxe7
Outcome
soybean yield variabilitye7
Value
20–22%e7
Qualifier
temporale7

Verbatim

e7

“Spatial and temporal soybean yield variability was 16–26% and 20–22%, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2005–2087

Title

Soybean Spatiotemporal Yield and Economic Variability as Affected by Tillage and Crop Rotation

Mahdi M. Al‐Kaisi; Sotirios Archontoulis; David Kwaw‐Mensah Agronomy Journal 2016. doi:10.2134/agronj2015.0363

Other claims from this paper (14)
Associationobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)simulated

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal variability across sowing times significantly affected soybean yield.

Taxon
soybeanGlycine maxe0
Treatment
different sowing timese0
Outcome
soybean yielde0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0

“temporal variability associated with different sowing times significantly impacts soybean yield.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1077–1173

Title

Why should space-time variability of rainfall be considered in precision agriculture for soybean in Piracicaba, São Paulo state?

Thais Letícia dos Santos; Rafael Battisti; Klaus Reichardt; et al. Scientia Agricola 2025. doi:10.1590/1678-992x-2024-0202

Other claims from this paper (2)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Organic soybean yield variability was highest, at 48%.

Taxon
soybeanGlycine maxe0
Outcome
Temporal yield variabilitye1
Direction
higheste0
Value
48%e0

Verbatim

e0

“was highest in the ORG system during the soybean (CV = 48%)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1735–1794
e1

“Temporal yield variability differed among management systems and rotation phases and was highest in the ORG system during the soybean (CV = 48%) and winter wheat (CV = 33%) phases of the rotation”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1650–1845

Title

Temporal Yield Variability under Conventional and Alternative Management Systems

Richard G. Smith; Fabian D. Menalled; G. P. Robertson Agronomy Journal 2007. doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0096

Other claims from this paper (10)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal variability dominated spatial variability in the study.

Taxon
Cropt0
Outcome
Temporal variabilitye0
Direction
much more dominante0
Comparator
spatial variabilitye0

Verbatim

e0

“Temporal variability was much more dominant than spatial variability in this study.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1441–1524
t0

“Crop Sequences”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–64

Title

Fractal Analysis of Temporal Yield Variability of Crop Sequences: Implications for Site‐Specific Management

Bahman Eghball; Gary E. Varvel Agronomy Journal 1997. doi:10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900060001x

Other claims from this paper (6)
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal variability of crop yield and soil attributes should be considered to delineate management zones accurately.

Taxon
crope0
Outcome
take into account the temporal variability of crop yield and soil attributese0

Verbatim

e0

“it is very important take into account the temporal variability of crop yield and soil attributes to delineate management zones accurately”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1245–1383

Title

Management zones using fuzzy clustering based on spatial-temporal variability of soil and corn yield

Marcos S. Rodrigues; José E. Corá Engenharia Agrícola 2015. doi:10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v35n3p470-483/2015

Other claims from this paper (3)
Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Temporal variability may greatly influence how spatial variability is expressed in a field.

Taxon
Cropt0
Outcome
spatial variabilitye0
Qualifier
Temporal variabilitye0

Verbatim

e0

“Temporal variability may greatly influence how spatial variability is expressed in a given field.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1525–1622
t0

“Crop Sequences”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 50–64

Title

Fractal Analysis of Temporal Yield Variability of Crop Sequences: Implications for Site‐Specific Management

Bahman Eghball; Gary E. Varvel Agronomy Journal 1997. doi:10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900060001x

Other claims from this paper (6)
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Wheat yield gaps showed temporal variability of 9 to 18%.

Outcome
temporal variabilitye0
Value
9 to 18%e0

Verbatim

e0

“High regional differences in wheat yield gaps were observed, with values ranging from 1.64 t/ha in Casablanca Settat to 4.12 t/ha in Marrakech Safi, and temporal variability ranging from 9 to 18%.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1163–1359

Title

The impact of precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture on wheat yield gap quantification: evidence from Morocco

Lahcen Ousayd; Terence Epule Epule; Salwa Belaqziz; et al. Agriculture & Food Security 2025. doi:10.1186/s40066-024-00509-w

Other claims from this paper (7)
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Post-heading heat stress and average temperature explained about 29% of the observed spatial and temporal yield variability.

Treatment
post-heading heat stress and average temperaturee0
Outcome
yield variabilitye0
Value
29%e0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0

“The correlation between measured grain yields and post-heading heat stress and average temperature were statistically significant in the entire wheat-producing region, and explained about 29% of the observed spatial and temporal yield variability”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1148–1394

Title

Post‐heading heat stress and yield impact in winter wheat of China

Bing Liu; Leilei Liu; Liying Tian; et al. Global Change Biology 2013. doi:10.1111/gcb.12442

Other claims from this paper (5)
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultpositivesimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Models reproduced temporal yield variability for wheat with correlation up to 0.673.

Outcome
time series correlation coefficients (r)e0
Value
0.673e0
Comparator
observed temporal variabilitye0
Setting
global scalee0

Verbatim

e0

“maize, wheat and soybean simulations of many GGCMs are capable of reproducing larger parts of observed temporal variability (time series correlation coefficients (r) of up to 0.888 for maize, 0.673 for wheat and 0.643 for soybean at the global scale)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 839–1089

Title

Global gridded crop model evaluation: benchmarking, skills, deficiencies and implications

Christoph Müller; Joshua Elliott; James Chryssanthacopoulos; et al. Geoscientific model development 2017. doi:10.5194/gmd-10-1403-2017

Other claims from this paper (10)

winter wheat 16

Show all 16 →
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Organic winter wheat yield variability was highest, at 33%.

Taxon
winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
Outcome
yield variabilitye1
Direction
higheste1
Value
33%e0

Verbatim

e0

“winter wheat (CV = 33%) phases of the rotation”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1799–1845
e1

“Temporal yield variability differed among management systems and rotation phases and was highest in the ORG system during the soybean (CV = 48%) and winter wheat (CV = 33%) phases of the rotation”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1650–1845

Title

Temporal Yield Variability under Conventional and Alternative Management Systems

Richard G. Smith; Fabian D. Menalled; G. P. Robertson Agronomy Journal 2007. doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0096

Other claims from this paper (10)
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors caution that nutrient response experiments may not predict next-year nitrogen needs.

Taxon
winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
Outcome
estimate next year's N fertilizer requiremente0
Qualifier
apparent temporal variability in the resultse0

Verbatim

e0

“it is not always appropriate to use results of nutrient response experiments to estimate next year's N fertilizer requirement due to apparent temporal variability in the results.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1237–1415
t0

“winter wheat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 33–45

Title

Analysis of yield variability in winter wheat due to temporal variability, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

Kefyalew Girma; Kyle W. Freeman; Roger Teal; et al. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 2007. doi:10.1080/03650340701466754

Other claims from this paper (4)
Observationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

No-till wheat yield variability was similar to conventional.

Taxon
winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
Outcome
yield variabilitye1
Direction
similare0
Comparator
CT systeme1

Verbatim

e0

“similar in the NT (corn and winter wheat phases) systems”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1970–2026
e1

“Compared to the CT system, yield variability was 40% lower in the LI (corn phase), 33% lower in the NT (soybean phase) and similar in the NT (corn and winter wheat phases) systems”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1847–2026

Title

Temporal Yield Variability under Conventional and Alternative Management Systems

Richard G. Smith; Fabian D. Menalled; G. P. Robertson Agronomy Journal 2007. doi:10.2134/agronj2007.0096

Other claims from this paper (10)

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