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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Green manure raised winter wheat grain yield by 3.8% in year four.

Taxon: winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
Treatment: GMe0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: increasede0
Value: 3.8%e0
Comparator: BLe1

Verbatim

e0
“in the third and fourth years, GM increased the grain yield of winter wheat by 3.2% and 3.8%, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1282–1388

t0
“Winter Wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 127–139

e1
“GM did not decrease the soil water content and storage (0–200 cm layer) during the subsequent winter wheat season, relative to BL”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1147–1276

Title

Legume Green Manure Further Improves the Effects of Fertilization on the Long-Term Yield and Water and Nitrogen Utilization of Winter Wheat in Rainfed Agriculture

Xiushuang Li; Juan Chen; Jianglan Shi; et al. Plants 2025. doi:10.3390/plants14162476

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect Green manure did not decrease subsequent wheat season soil water content and storage in the first two years.
Intervention effect Green manure raised winter wheat grain yield by 3.2% in year three.
Intervention effect B increased winter wheat grain yield by 14.4% in year three.
Intervention effect BS increased winter wheat grain yield by 22.2% in year three.
Intervention effect B increased winter wheat grain yield by 12.7% in year four.
Intervention effect BS increased winter wheat grain yield by 19.4% in year four.
Mechanism Yield increases arose primarily through increased wheat population density.
Mechanism Higher grain yield contributed to higher wheat water use efficiency.
Intervention effect In year three, GM increased wheat water consumption (WC) by 2.4%.
Intervention effect In year three, GM increased wheat WUE by 1.7%.
Intervention effect In year three, B increased wheat water consumption (WC) by 8.3%.
Intervention effect In year three, B increased wheat WUE by 5.6%.
Intervention effect In year three, BS increased wheat water consumption (WC) by 10.4%.
Intervention effect In year three, BS increased wheat WUE by 10.7%.
Intervention effect Basal fertilizer and basal fertilizer with straw produced higher yield and nitrogen nutrition than green manure alone.
Intervention effect Green manure with basal fertilizer and straw achieved the highest yield and nitrogen nutrition.
Intervention effect Green manure combined with fertilization decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency.
Intervention effect Green manure combined with fertilization increased nitrogen productivity.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Increasing both stresses raised ion leakage in tall fescue.

Taxon: tall fescueLolium arundinaceumt0
Treatment: increase in the levels of both stressese0
Outcome: theion leakagee0
Direction: risee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Results indicated a rise in theion leakage, and soluble sugar and proline concentration and a decrease in visual quality, shoot length, leaf area and freshand dry weights of shoot, leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate and starchcontent with an increase in the levels of both stresses.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 706–1037

t0
“tall fescue”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–58

Title

Morphophysiological and biochemical changes in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) under combined salinity and deficit irrigation stresses

Reza Manuchehri; Hassan Salehi DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) 2015. doi:10.22059/jdesert.2015.54080

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Increasing both stresses raised soluble sugar and proline concentrations.
Intervention effect Increasing both stresses reduced visual quality, shoot length and leaf area.
Intervention effect Increasing both stresses reduced fresh and dry shoot weights.
Intervention effect Increasing both stresses reduced relative water content, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate.
Intervention effect Increasing both stresses reduced starch content.
Intervention effect Moderate drought or salinity increased SOD and catalase activities.
Intervention effect Antioxidant enzyme activity decreased at higher salinity stress levels.
Recommendation The authors conclude tall fescue can grow under moderate combined water shortage and salinity without considerable physiological or biochemical damage.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

NaCl decreased net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of wheat seedlings relative to control.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume0
Material: Xiaoyan-926e0
Treatment: addition of NaCle1
Outcome: net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductancee2
Direction: decreasee2
Comparator: no addition of NaCl and no exposure to UV-B radiatione1

Verbatim

e0
“in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. Xiaoyan-926) seedlings were studied”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 556–623

e1
“Four treatments were included in the experiment: no addition of NaCl and no exposure to UV-B radiation (CK), addition of NaCl (NaCl), exposure to UV-B radiation (UV-B), addition of NaCl and exposure to UV-B radiation (UV-B+NaCl)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 625–853

e2
“The results showed that treatments of UV-B, NaCl and UV-B+NaCl all resulted into a decrease in plant height, biomass, water content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and contents of photosynthetic pigments, and into an increase in relative leakage ratio and lipid peroxidation, as quantified by measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1245–1609

Title

Physiological and ecological effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on wheat seedling under NaCl stress condition

Cheng Liu Xibei zhiwu xuebao 2004

Other claims from this paper (18)

Intervention effect UV-B decreased plant height, biomass, water content of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect UV-B decreased net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect UV-B decreased contents of photosynthetic pigments of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect NaCl decreased plant height, biomass, water content of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect NaCl decreased contents of photosynthetic pigments of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect UV-B+NaCl decreased plant height, biomass, water content of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect UV-B+NaCl decreased net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect UV-B+NaCl decreased contents of photosynthetic pigments of wheat seedlings relative to control.
Intervention effect UV-B radiation increased relative leakage ratio and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect NaCl increased relative leakage ratio and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect UV-B combined with NaCl increased relative leakage ratio and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect Flavone contents increased under all stress conditions in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect Activities of SOD, CAT and POD increased under all stress conditions in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect UV-B reduced proline content in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect NaCl enhanced proline content in wheat seedlings.
Intervention effect UV-B combined with NaCl enhanced proline content more than NaCl alone.
Association Most parameters did not differ significantly between NaCl and UV-B+NaCl treatments.
Mechanism UV-B did not obviously strengthen NaCl-induced inhibition of wheat seedlings, possibly because NaCl-induced flavone and proline enhancement offsets it.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Two-week irrigation reduced total chlorophyll by 22.63% and 19.98%.

Taxon: barleyHordeum vulgaret0
Treatment: Irrigation every two weekse0
Outcome: total chlorophylle0
Direction: reducede0
Value: 22.63 and 19.98%e0
Comparator: one weeke0

Verbatim

e0
“Irrigation every two weeks instead of one week reduced significantly all growth attributes. The relative decrease percentages were 25.41 and 22.93%, 22.63 and 19.98%, and 25.11 and 26.19% for flag leaf blade area, total chlorophyll and relative water content in both seasons, respectively.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 464–753

t0
“BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 71–98

Title

INFLUENCE OF GLYCINEBETAINE AND NITROGEN LEVELS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS

Maher Kotb; El Sayed Gaballah Journal of Productivity and Development 2007. doi:10.21608/jpd.2007.44939

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect Two-week irrigation reduced flag leaf blade area by 25.41% and 22.93% in the two seasons.
Intervention effect Two-week irrigation reduced relative water content by 25.11% and 26.19%.
Intervention effect 85 kg N/fad increased flag leaf blade area by 12.80 and 13.63% compared with 45 kg N/fad.
Intervention effect 85 kg N/fad increased total chlorophyll by 1.88 and 3.50% compared with 45 kg N/fad.
Intervention effect 85 kg N/fad increased relative water content by 3.28 and 4.59% compared with 45 kg N/fad.
Intervention effect 12 mM glycinebetaine increased flag leaf blade area by 20.63 and 23.06% compared with untreated plants.
Intervention effect 12 mM glycinebetaine increased total chlorophyll by 32.30 and 35.80% compared with untreated plants.
Intervention effect 12 mM glycinebetaine increased relative water content by 22.57 and 30.40% compared with untreated plants.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrogen without glycinebetaine did not increase total chlorophyll under either water condition.
Intervention effect Increasing glycinebetaine significantly increased total chlorophyll.
Intervention effect Extending irrigation from 7 to 14 days reduced grain yield by 22.73 and 26.02%.
Intervention effect Extending irrigation from 7 to 14 days reduced straw yield by 26.73 and 24.79%.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrogen from 45 to 85 kg N/fad increased grain yield by 12.84 and 12.78%.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrogen from 45 to 85 kg N/fad increased straw yield by 16.43 and 14.7%.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrogen from 45 to 85 kg N/fad increased mean productivity by 12.88 and 12.85%.
Intervention effect Application of 12mM GB/fad increased grain yield by 21.27 and 24.77% compared with zero GB.
Intervention effect Application of 12mM GB/fad increased straw yield by 24.82 and 26.83% compared with zero GB.
Intervention effect Application of 12mM GB/fad increased mean productivity by 21.30 and 24.73% compared with zero GB.
Intervention effect The 8mM GB and 85 kg nitrogen combination yielded more than zero GB and 45 kg nitrogen under frequent irrigation and drought.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Ascorbic acid at 10 micromolar increased carotenoids of cress by 0.05 relative to control.

Taxon: Lepidium sativum L.Lepidium sativumt0
Treatment: 10 micromolar ascorbic acide2
Outcome: carotenoidse0
Direction: increasede2
Value: 0.05e2
Comparator: controle2

Verbatim

t0
“Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 14–48

e0
“Irrigation based on 60% of field capacity as compared with that of 100% F.C. reduced relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and dry matter weight by 20.89, 0.06, 0,034, 0.04 and 57.8 percent respectively and a 20% increase in canopy temperature”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 842–1104

e2
“applying of 10 micromolar ascorbic acid relative to control increased 12.22, 0.075, 0.15, 0.05 and 57.8 percent on traits mentioned above respectively and a 3% decrease in canopy temperature”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1112–1302

Title

Study some of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Physiological Traits at Levels of Irrigation and Ascorbic Acid

Zohre Akbari; M. Fazeli Rostampour; Leyla Zeya Ebrahimi; et al. DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) 2017

Other claims from this paper (17)

Intervention effect Irrigation at 60% of field capacity reduced relative water content of cress by 20.89 compared with 100% field capacity.
Intervention effect Irrigation at 60% of field capacity reduced chlorophyll a of cress by 0.06 compared with 100% field capacity.
Intervention effect Irrigation at 60% of field capacity reduced chlorophyll b of cress by 0,034 compared with 100% field capacity.
Intervention effect Irrigation at 60% of field capacity reduced carotenoids of cress by 0.04 compared with 100% field capacity.
Intervention effect Irrigation at 60% of field capacity reduced dry matter weight of cress by 57.8 percent compared with 100% field capacity.
Intervention effect Irrigation at 60% of field capacity increased canopy temperature of cress by 20% compared with 100% field capacity.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 10 micromolar increased relative water content of cress by 12.22 relative to control.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 10 micromolar increased chlorophyll a of cress by 0.075 relative to control.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 10 micromolar increased chlorophyll b of cress by 0.15 relative to control.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 10 micromolar increased dry matter weight of cress by 57.8 percent relative to control.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 10 micromolar decreased canopy temperature of cress by 3% relative to control.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid applied at 100% field capacity had no effect on cress traits, except chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 100% field capacity was effective on chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents of cress.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 60 and 80% field capacity increased relative water content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of cress.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid at 60 and 80% field capacity increased carotenoids and dry matter of cress.
Intervention effect Ten micromolar ascorbic acid increased dry matter of cress significantly under 60% and 80% field capacity irrigation.
Intervention effect Ascorbic acid could not reduce the negative impacts of a 20% decrease in irrigation on cress.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Salinity significantly decreased grain yield, biological yield and K+ content in grain in wheat genotypes.

Taxon: wheatTriticum aestivume1
Material: Raj-3077, Raj-3765 (salt tolerant) and Raj-1482, PBW-502 (salt susceptible)e1
Treatment: Salinitye0
Outcome: grain yield, biological yield, and K+ content in graine0
Direction: decreasee0
Setting: cemented potse2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Salinity was found to decrease significantly the photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, chlorophyll content, osmotic potential, soluble sugar content, plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, number of grains, total number of tillers/plant, test weight, fresh, and dry weight, grain yield, biological yield, and K+ content in grain with an increase in proline content, m…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 361–838

e1
“wheat genotypes namely, Raj-3077, Raj-3765 (salt tolerant) and Raj-1482, PBW-502 (salt susceptible)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 131–230

e2
“were grown in cemented pots under different levels of salinity (0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dSm-1) at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and anthesis stage”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 232–359

Title

Effect of Salt Stress on Physiological, Biochemical, Growth and Yield Variables of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)

Niraj Yadav; DL Bagdi; BL Kakralya Agricultural science digest 2011

Other claims from this paper (10)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

End-season drought lowered plant height and yield components.

Taxon: safflowerCarthamus tinctoriuse0 t0 e1
Treatment: end-season droughte0 t0 e1
Outcome: plant height, yield componentse0 t0 e1
Direction: decreasee0 t0 e1
Comparator: regular irrigatione0 t0 e1

Verbatim

e0
“The end-season drought caused a decrease in the chlorophyll index, leaf area index, relative water content, plant height, yield components, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, seed oil content, oil harvest index, and seed element content compared to regular irrigation”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 767–1044

t0
“Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 0–111

e1
“The effect of different methods of zinc application on the growth, yield, and quality of safflower seeds under regular irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering to harvest (82 and 80 DAS in the first and second years, respectively) was evaluated.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 216–477

Title

Application Methods of Zinc Sulphate Increased Safflower Seed Yield and Quality under End-Season Drought Stress

Reza Ahmadi; Mohammad Mahmoudi; Farid Shekari; et al. Horticulturae 2024. doi:10.3390/horticulturae10090963

Other claims from this paper (19)

Intervention effect End-season drought lowered chlorophyll index, leaf area index and relative water content.
Intervention effect End-season drought lowered biological yield, seed yield and harvest index.
Intervention effect End-season drought lowered seed oil content, oil harvest index and seed element content.
Association The yield decrease coincided with lower capitol number and diameter, seed number per capitol and 1000-seed weight.
Observation Drought damage was more severe in the second year than the first.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate increased studied traits in both years and irrigation conditions.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate improved yield and seed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents.
Intervention effect Zinc sulfate improved seed zinc and iron content.
Association Increasing zinc sulfate concentration lowered seed phosphorus content with both application methods.
Intervention effect Seed phosphorus content remained above the no-zinc treatment.
Intervention effect Zinc increased biological, seed and oil yield.
Observation Seed and oil yield responded more strongly to zinc than biological yield.
Intervention effect Zinc increased seed and oil harvest index.
Intervention effect Higher zinc sulfate concentrations improved performance under regular irrigation.
Observation Medium and lower zinc sulfate concentrations worked better under stress.
Intervention effect Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest 1000-seed weight.
Intervention effect Flowering-stage spray at 5 g L−1 under normal irrigation gave the highest potassium and zinc content.
Intervention effect Foliar zinc sulfate spray improved seed yield more than soil application.
Observation Soil zinc sulfate application affected biological yield more than seed yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Individual and combined drought and salt stresses significantly decreased chlorophyll contents, total dry matter and leaf area index of triticale.

Taxon: triticale×Triticosecalee0
Treatment: drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stressese0
Outcome: chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area indexe1
Direction: decreasee1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“the effects of individual and combined effects of drought (at different phenological stages) and salt stresses on growth, morphology, and physiology of triticale were evaluated”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 121–297

e1
“The stresses, individual as well as combined, caused a significant decrease in chlorophyll contents, total dry matter, leaf area index, relative water content, and grain yield of triticale”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 598–786

Title

Morpho-physiological responses and growth indices of triticale to drought and salt stresses

Soheyla Mohammadi Alagoz; Hashem Hadi; Mahmoud Toorchi; et al. Scientific Reports 2023. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36119-y

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

0. 50 mmol/L salicylic acid increased chlorophyll and proline and reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde under salt stress.

Taxon: perennial ryegrassLolium perennee0
Treatment: 0. 50 mmol / L levels of salicylic acide0
Outcome: total chlorophyll content and the proline contente0
Direction: increasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“both 0. 25 and 0. 50 mmol / L levels of salicylic acid could improve the salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass under salt-stress conditions,in that they significantly increase the turf visual quality,total root length,root activity( P 0. 05),photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,leaf relative water content,total chlorophyll content and the proline content( P 0. 05),and decrease the electrolyte leakage and malondial…” Show full quote
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 523–968

Title

Effect of exogenous salicylic acid on salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass

Dong Hu Beijing Linye Daxue xuebao 2015

Other claims from this paper (12)

Intervention effect 0. 25 mmol/L salicylic acid improved turf quality, root length and root activity under salt stress.
Intervention effect 0. 25 mmol/L salicylic acid raised photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and leaf water content under salt stress.
Intervention effect 0. 25 mmol/L salicylic acid increased chlorophyll and proline and reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde under salt stress.
Intervention effect 0. 50 mmol/L salicylic acid improved turf quality, root length and root activity under salt stress.
Intervention effect 0. 50 mmol/L salicylic acid raised photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and leaf water content under salt stress.
Intervention effect Low-dose salicylic acid decreased electrolyte leakage and leaf malondialdehyde under salt stress.
Intervention effect One mmol/L salicylic acid reduced turf quality, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance.
Intervention effect One mmol/L salicylic acid reduced chlorophyll and proline content.
Intervention effect One mmol/L salicylic acid increased electrolyte leakage and leaf malondialdehyde.
Intervention effect At one mmol/L, salicylic acid had no significant effect on relative water content, root length or root activity.
Observation The authors concluded that 0.25 mmol/L salicylic acid promoted salt tolerance more than 0.50 mmol/L.
Observation The authors concluded that 1.00 mmol/L salicylic acid inhibited salt tolerance.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

CML-593 chlorophyll concentration fell 14% under drought versus control.

Taxon: MaizeZea mayst0
Material: CML-593e1
Treatment: drought stresse1
Outcome: chlorophyll concentratione0
Direction: declinee0
Value: 14%e0
Comparator: control conditionse0

Verbatim

t0
“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 54–73

e0
“Compared with control conditions, CML-593 recorded a 21% decrease in plant height, 18% reduction in relative water content, and 14% decline in chlorophyll concentration”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 913–1081

e1
“genotype CML-593 maintained significantly higher physiological performance under drought stress”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 816–911

Title

Integrative Approaches for Selecting Drought Tolerant Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes Based on Physiological and Biochemical Attributes

M. A. Mannan; Ferdousi Begum; Md Islam; et al. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 2025. doi:10.21608/agro.2025.389215.1707

Other claims from this paper (13)

Observation CML-593 maintained significantly higher physiological performance under drought.
Intervention effect CML-593 plant height decreased 21% under drought versus control.
Intervention effect CML-593 relative water content fell 18% under drought versus control.
Intervention effect CML-593 proline accumulation increased 150% under drought.
Intervention effect CML-593 membrane stability increased 93% under drought.
Intervention effect CML-593 photosynthetic rate increased 69% under drought.
Intervention effect CML-593 stomatal conductance increased 78% under drought.
Intervention effect CML-593 transpiration rate increased 82% under drought.
Intervention effect Drought increased CML-593 intercellular CO₂ by 15%.
Intervention effect Drought increased CML-593 malondialdehyde content by 4%.
Intervention effect Drought decreased CML-593 total soluble sugar by 17%.
Method / resource Integrated physiological and biochemical parameters identified CML-593 as most drought tolerant.
Recommendation CML-593 was considered a promising donor for breeding.

“decrease in relative water content”

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