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“kernel development”

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Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Self-pollination significantly reduced kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: Self-pollinatione0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Direction: reductione0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Self-pollination caused a significant reduction in kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1206–1275

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 106–111

Title

The role of artificial pollination and pollen effect on ear development and kernel structure of different maize genotypes

Fatih Kahrıman; Cem Ömer Egesel; Tuncay Aydın; et al. Journal of Pollination Ecology 2015. doi:10.26786/1920-7603(2015)1

Other claims from this paper (3)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought significantly reduced kernel development.

Taxon: waxy maizet0
Organ / stage: Kernele0
Treatment: drought stresse0
Outcome: Kernel developmente0
Direction: reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Kernel development, starch accumulation, and activities of starch biosynthetic enzymes were significantly reduced by drought stress.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 380–512

t0
“waxy maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 99–109

Title

Proteomics reveals the effects of drought stress on the kernel development and starch formation of waxy maize

Jian Guo; Lingling Qu; Yifan Hu; et al. BMC Plant Biology 2021. doi:10.1186/s12870-021-03214-z

Other claims from this paper (16)

Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch accumulation.
Intervention effect Drought significantly reduced starch biosynthetic enzyme activities.
Intervention effect Drought changed starch granule morphology.
Intervention effect Drought accelerated grain filling rate.
Observation At 10 days after pollination, water stress yielded 487 differentially accumulated proteins.
Observation At 25 days after pollination, water stress yielded 465 differentially accumulated proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated oxidation reduction and oxidoreductase proteins.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated peroxidase, catalase, and glutamine synthetase.
Intervention effect Drought downregulated abscisic acid stress ripening 1 and lipoxygenase.
Intervention effect Several endosperm and starch biosynthesis proteins were upregulated early under water stress.
Mechanism Early protein upregulation may have accelerated endosperm development and starch synthesis.
Observation Seventeen proteins remained upregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Eleven proteins remained downregulated at both sampling stages.
Observation Four maize homologs were proposed as candidate proteins affecting kernel development and drought response.
Association Drought induced proteomic changes correlated strongly with kernel development and starch accumulation.
Association Kernel development and starch accumulation were closely related to waxy maize yield and quality.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

zmmkk4 knockout reduced or impaired kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: Knockout mutants of zmmkk4e0
Gene: zmmkk4e0
Outcome: kernel developmente0
Direction: impairmentse0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Knockout mutants of zmmkk4 resulted in significantly reduced kernel size and weight, accompanied by severe impairments in kernel development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 565–706

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 62–67

Title

ZmMKK4, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, influences maize kernel size

Haibo Qu; Binyan Yao; Wenhui Rao; et al. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2026. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2026.111062

Other claims from this paper (8)

Mechanism ZmMKK4 was identified as a positive regulator of maize kernel development.
Observation ZmMKK4 localized primarily to the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Observation ZmMKK4 was highly expressed across multiple tissues including kernels.
Intervention effect zmmkk4 knockout reduced or impaired kernel size.
Intervention effect zmmkk4 knockout reduced or impaired weight.
Observation Mutant kernels showed a decrease in starch content.
Observation Mutant kernels showed a increase in protein content.
Recommendation The authors present ZmMKK4 as a candidate for marker-assisted selection or gene editing.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Suitable nitrogen supply promoted apical kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: suitable nitrogen supplye0
Outcome: apical kernel developmente0
Direction: promotede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“suitable nitrogen supply obviously increased the activities of enzymes above and promoted apical kernel development”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 804–919

t0
“Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 74–79

Title

Effect of Nitrogen Supply on Early Kernel Development and Yield in Summer Maize (Zea mays L.)

Shen Li; Wei Ya; Yi Zhen 2006

Other claims from this paper (8)

Intervention effect Suitable nitrogen supply increased activities of enzymes related to kernel development.
Intervention effect At 180 kg/ha nitrogen, apical kernel invertase, sucrose synthase, ADPGase and starch synthase activities were higher.
Intervention effect Apical kernel fresh weight, size and dry weight were higher at 180 kg/ha nitrogen than other rates.
Intervention effect Apical kernel soluble sugar, nitrogen and starch contents were higher at 180 kg/ha nitrogen than other rates.
Intervention effect Nitrogen increases up to 180 kg/ha promoted kernel development and reduced abortion.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrogen to 180 kg/ha reduced kernel abortion.
Intervention effect Increasing nitrogen up to 180 kg/ha resulted in more kernels per ear and higher yield.
Observation Nitrogen deficiency or excess was associated with increased kernel abortion and lower grain yield.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Improved chloride nutrition enhanced plant development, increased immature kernel weights and accelerated kernel growth during grain fill.

Taxon: Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
Treatment: Improved CI nutritione0
Outcome: plant development, increase immature kernel weights, and accelerated kernel growthe0
Direction: enhancede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

t0
“Winter Wheat”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 53–65

e0
“Improved CI nutrition enhanced plant development, increase immature kernel weights, and accelerated kernel growth during the grain‐fill period”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1060–1202

Title

Grain Yield, Kernel Weight, and Disease Responses of Winter Wheat Cultivars to Chloride Fertilization

Richard E. Engel; Joyce Eckhoff; Robert K. Berg Agronomy Journal 1994. doi:10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600050025x

Other claims from this paper (11)

Intervention effect Chloride increased winter wheat yield by an average of 267 kg ha-1 (7%) at seven responsive sites.
Intervention effect The size of the yield response to chloride was generally not affected by cultivar selection.
Method / resource Whole-plant chloride analyses were useful in discriminating yield responsive (3.0 g kg-1 or less) from nonresponsive (above 3.0 g kg-1) sites.
Intervention effect Fertilizer chloride increased mature kernel weights by up to 17% at eight sites.
Observation Kernel weight was the most important yield component affected by chloride.
Intervention effect Physiological leaf spot in Redwin and Manning was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Intervention effect Flag leaf senescence in Weston and QT542 was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Intervention effect Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Intervention effect Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) was suppressed by fertilizer chloride.
Mechanism Suppression of foliar disease and disease-like symptoms may explain in part the yield responses to chloride.
Observation Yield response to chloride occurred even without foliar disease and disease-like suppression.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High temperature accelerated rice kernel development and maturation.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: High temp.e0
Outcome: kernel development and maturatione0
Direction: acceleratede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“High temp. accelerated the kernel development and maturation.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 827–888

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 23–27

Title

On the Adaptability of Rice Varieties to High Temperature in the Ripening Periods

Kazuo NAGATO; Morie EBATA; Yasuhiro KONO Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1961. doi:10.1626/jcs.29.337

Other claims from this paper (7)

Observation Carbohydrate remained in rice leaves and culms after excessively rapid maturation.
Mechanism Premature rice ripening caused partially-chalky and milk-white kernels.
Mechanism Premature rice ripening increased bran and aleurone layer thickness.
Observation Ou-225 was scarcely affected at 25∼26°C night temperature.
Observation Ou-225 was fairly affected at 30°C night temperature.
Observation Fujisaka-5 was affected to a greater extent at 25∼26°C.
Observation Fujisaka-5 was severely affected at 30°C.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High Ca enhanced CAT activity during kernel development.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Organ / stage: kernel developmente0
Treatment: High Ca levelse0
Outcome: catalase (CAT) activitye0
Direction: enhancede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“High Ca levels enhanced catalase (CAT) activity during kernel development.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 866–940

t0
“Maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 60–65

Title

Calcium and Magnesium Regulation of Kernel Sugar Content in Maize: Role of Endogenous Hormones and Antioxidant Enzymes

Zhaoquan He; Xue Shang; Xiaoze Jin; et al. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2024. doi:10.3390/ijms26010200

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect High Mg increased SOD activity.
Intervention effect Low Ca and Mg decreased SOD activity.
Intervention effect Low Ca stimulated gibberellin synthesis.
Intervention effect High Ca suppressed gibberellin synthesis.
Intervention effect High Mg suppressed gibberellin synthesis.
Intervention effect High Mg elevated ABA levels.
Intervention effect High Ca increased reducing sugar content in kernels.
Intervention effect Low Mg increased soluble sugars.
Intervention effect High Mg increased soluble sugars.
Intervention effect Low Mg enhanced sucrose content.
Mechanism CAT regulated sugar accumulation in maize kernels.
Mechanism GA modulated sucrose and soluble sugar content by inhibiting CAT.
Mechanism ABA promoted CAT activity, affecting kernel sugar content.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Glume top clipping severely inhibited kernel development.

Taxon: Rice PlantOryza sativat0
Treatment: glume top clippinge0
Outcome: development of the kernele0
Direction: inhibitede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“By glume top clipping, the development of the kernel was inhibited very severely.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 670–751

t0
“Rice Plant”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–46

Title

Role of the Hull in the Ripening of Rice Plant : V. Water loss in hull and development of rice kernel

Seok Weon SEO; Yasuo OTA Japanese Journal of Crop Science 1982. doi:10.1626/jcs.51.529

Other claims from this paper (7)

Association Detached hull water loss rate decreased as ripening proceeded in fertile and sterile grains.
Observation Water loss ranked sterile grain above fertile grain hull above fertile grain.
Observation Normal grains lost water at a lower rate than malformed grains.
Intervention effect Detached panicles without SiO2 application had higher water loss.
Intervention effect High aerial moisture lessened the inhibition of development in clipped kernels.
Intervention effect A parafilm bag improved development of clipped kernels at the same moisture.
Mechanism Authors infer that hulls maintain grain moisture and enable normal kernel development.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Herbicide treatment sometimes caused failure of corn kernel development.

Taxon: cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
Outcome: failure of kernel developmente0
Qualifier: sometimes occurrede0

Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“However, injury to corn, expressed as failure of kernel development and grain yield decreases, sometimes occurred.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 586–700

Title

Witchweed Control by Herbicides Translocated Through Host Plants

Paul F. Sand; Grant H. Egley; W. L. Gould; et al. Weed Science 1971. doi:10.1017/s0043174500048797

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect Lanolin-applied dicamba was translocated acropetally and affected parasitic witchweed.
Intervention effect Lanolin-applied 2,3,6-TBA was translocated acropetally and affected parasitic witchweed.
Observation Emerged witchweed showed epinasty.
Observation Emergence of other witchweed plants was delayed.
Intervention effect Foliar dicamba before witchweed emergence generally reduced infestation intensity in corn.
Intervention effect Foliar 2,3,6-TBA before witchweed emergence generally reduced infestation intensity in corn.
Intervention effect Foliar dicamba delayed witchweed emergence in corn.
Intervention effect Foliar 2,3,6-TBA delayed witchweed emergence in corn.
Intervention effect Herbicide treatment sometimes decreased corn grain yield.
Association Corn injury was greater with application at early tasseling.
Intervention effect Dicamba controlled witchweed more effectively than 2,3,6-TBA.
Observation No treatment controlled witchweed for the whole season.
Observation Annual variation in corn injury prevented selecting optimal treatment dates and rates.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Drought detrimentally affected gynoecium development and kernel set.

Taxon: maizeZea mayst0
Treatment: droughte0
Outcome: gynoecium development and kernel sete0
Direction: detrimentale0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“the detrimental effect of drought on gynoecium development and kernel set”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1634–1707

t0
“maize”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 47–52

Title

Developmental and transcriptional responses of maize to drought stress under field conditions

Olga N. Danilevskaya; GongXin Yu; Xin Meng; et al. Plant Direct 2019. doi:10.1002/pld3.129

Other claims from this paper (13)

Intervention effect Drought suppressed maize plant growth.
Intervention effect Drought had little impact on developmental stage progression.
Intervention effect Drought suppressed ear growth.
Intervention effect Drought did not significantly affect spikelet initiation.
Intervention effect Tassel growth declined less than ear growth under drought.
Observation RNA sequencing revealed tissue-specific drought responses.
Association High temperature fluctuation likely influenced field gene expression patterns.
Intervention effect Drought significantly changed transcription in leaves and ears.
Intervention effect Drought produced only minor transcriptional changes in tassels.
Observation More genes responded to drought in ears than leaves.
Intervention effect Genes controlling DNA replication, cell cycle and cell division were down-regulated in stressed ears.
Intervention effect Inflorescence meristem genes were less affected by drought.
Intervention effect Genes involved in floret and ovule development were sensitive to drought.

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“kernel development”

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