Abstract
Research was done at the Joniskėlis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry on a clay loam Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of reduced (shallow ploughing and ploughless tillage) tillage as well as its combinations with supplementary agronomic practices, improving soil conditions – incorporation of lime sludge, cover crop (mixture of white mustard and oilseed radish) for green manure and mulch on the emergence, growth and development of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop. Data revealed that shallow ploughing caused the worst field pea emergence in 2008. Ploughless tillage in combination with lime sludge incorporation resulted in a significantly higher soil water content in seedbed layer (0–5 cm) directly after field pea sowing in 2009, better field pea germination within the prolonged droughty post-sowing periods (18 and 20 days respectively in 2008 and 2009) and higher grain yield in 2008 as compared to deep ploughing. Due to the ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manure late in autumn, significantly higher soil water content was registered in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010 and at 5–15 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010; however the emergence and growth of field pea under droughty conditions were worse, and yield decreased in 2009 and 2010. Application of ploughless tillage with no supplementary practices resulted in significantly higher soil water content in seedbed directly after field pea sowing in 2010; however, in field pea yield decreased in 2009. Cover crop winter mulch without tillage in autumn led to a significantly higher soil water content in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010, while the soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008 and at 15–25 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010 was lower, seedbed structure was mostly worse, field pea growth and development were poor and crop yield was lower in all years of study as compared to deep ploughing. Rapid capillary water movement, characteristic of clay loam with predominant silty fractions, could lead to a higher drying of soil layers unloosened in the autumn. Field pea yield was influenced by the amount of rainfall during one month after sowing in a droughty year 2008 and by the soil structure in a seedbed in 2009.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Shallow ploughing caused the worst field pea emergence in 2008.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Data revealed that shallow ploughing caused the worst field pea emergence in 2008”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage with lime sludge incorporation significantly increased soil water content in the seedbed layer in 2009.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- Ploughless tillage in combination with lime sludge incorporatione2
- Outcome
- soil water content in seedbed layere2
- Direction
- highere2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“Ploughless tillage in combination with lime sludge incorporation resulted in a significantly higher soil water content in seedbed layer (0–5 cm) directly after field pea sowing in 2009, better field pea germination within the prolonged droughty post-sowing periods (18 and 20 days respectively in 2008 and 2009) and higher grain yield in 2008 as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage with lime sludge incorporation gave better field pea germination during droughty post-sowing periods.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- Ploughless tillage in combination with lime sludge incorporatione2
- Outcome
- germinatione2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Value
- 18 and 20 dayse2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“Ploughless tillage in combination with lime sludge incorporation resulted in a significantly higher soil water content in seedbed layer (0–5 cm) directly after field pea sowing in 2009, better field pea germination within the prolonged droughty post-sowing periods (18 and 20 days respectively in 2008 and 2009) and higher grain yield in 2008 as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage with lime sludge incorporation gave higher grain yield in 2008 than deep ploughing.
Verbatim
e2“Ploughless tillage in combination with lime sludge incorporation resulted in a significantly higher soil water content in seedbed layer (0–5 cm) directly after field pea sowing in 2009, better field pea germination within the prolonged droughty post-sowing periods (18 and 20 days respectively in 2008 and 2009) and higher grain yield in 2008 as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage with cover crop biomass incorporation significantly increased soil water content in the seedbed in 2010 and at 5–15 cm depth on average over 2008–2010.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manuree3
- Outcome
- soil water contente3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“Due to the ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manure late in autumn, significantly higher soil water content was registered in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010 and at 5–15 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010; however the emergence and growth of field pea under droughty conditions were worse, and yield decreased in 2009 and 2010”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage with cover crop biomass incorporation made field pea emergence and growth worse under droughty conditions.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manuree3
- Outcome
- emergence and growthe3
- Direction
- worsee3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“Due to the ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manure late in autumn, significantly higher soil water content was registered in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010 and at 5–15 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010; however the emergence and growth of field pea under droughty conditions were worse, and yield decreased in 2009 and 2010”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage with cover crop biomass incorporation decreased field pea yield in 2009 and 2010.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manuree3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“Due to the ploughless tillage together with incorporation of the cover crop biomass for the green manure late in autumn, significantly higher soil water content was registered in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010 and at 5–15 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010; however the emergence and growth of field pea under droughty conditions were worse, and yield decreased in 2009 and 2010”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage without supplementary practices significantly increased soil water content in the seedbed after sowing in 2010.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- ploughless tillage with no supplementary practicese4
- Outcome
- soil water content in seedbede4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Application of ploughless tillage with no supplementary practices resulted in significantly higher soil water content in seedbed directly after field pea sowing in 2010; however, in field pea yield decreased in 2009”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Ploughless tillage without supplementary practices decreased field pea yield in 2009.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- ploughless tillage with no supplementary practicese4
- Outcome
- field pea yielde4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“Application of ploughless tillage with no supplementary practices resulted in significantly higher soil water content in seedbed directly after field pea sowing in 2010; however, in field pea yield decreased in 2009”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop winter mulch without tillage significantly increased soil water content in the seedbed after sowing in 2010.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- Cover crop winter mulch without tillagee5
- Outcome
- soil water content in the seedbede5
- Direction
- highere5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop winter mulch without tillage in autumn led to a significantly higher soil water content in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010, while the soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008 and at 15–25 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010 was lower, seedbed structure was mostly worse, field pea growth and development were poor and crop yield was lower in all years of study as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop winter mulch without tillage lowered soil water content after emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- Cover crop winter mulch without tillagee5
- Outcome
- soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depthe5
- Direction
- lowere5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop winter mulch without tillage in autumn led to a significantly higher soil water content in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010, while the soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008 and at 15–25 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010 was lower, seedbed structure was mostly worse, field pea growth and development were poor and crop yield was lower in all years of study as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop winter mulch without tillage made seedbed structure worse.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- Cover crop winter mulch without tillagee5
- Outcome
- seedbed structuree5
- Direction
- worsee5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop winter mulch without tillage in autumn led to a significantly higher soil water content in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010, while the soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008 and at 15–25 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010 was lower, seedbed structure was mostly worse, field pea growth and development were poor and crop yield was lower in all years of study as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop winter mulch without tillage gave poor field pea growth and development.
- Taxon
- field peat0
- Treatment
- Cover crop winter mulch without tillagee5
- Outcome
- field pea growth and developmente5
- Direction
- poore5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop winter mulch without tillage in autumn led to a significantly higher soil water content in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010, while the soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008 and at 15–25 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010 was lower, seedbed structure was mostly worse, field pea growth and development were poor and crop yield was lower in all years of study as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crop winter mulch without tillage lowered crop yield in all study years compared with deep ploughing.
Verbatim
e5“Cover crop winter mulch without tillage in autumn led to a significantly higher soil water content in the seedbed directly after sowing in 2010, while the soil water content after field pea emergence at 5–15 cm depth in 2008 and at 15–25 cm depth according to the average data of 2008–2010 was lower, seedbed structure was mostly worse, field pea growth and development were poor and crop yield was lower in all years of study as compared to deep ploughing”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Field pea yield was associated with the amount of rainfall during one month after sowing in the droughty year 2008.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e6“Field pea yield was influenced by the amount of rainfall during one month after sowing in a droughty year 2008 and by the soil structure in a seedbed in 2009”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Field pea yield was associated with the soil structure in the seedbed in 2009.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e6“Field pea yield was influenced by the amount of rainfall during one month after sowing in a droughty year 2008 and by the soil structure in a seedbed in 2009”
t0“Response of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth”
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