Abstract
Abstract Root‐disease responses to manageable soil chemical factors, such as pH or Ca saturation, can be an effective biological control strategy. In a wheat‐peas rotation, single applications of lime, to adjust pH of a Walla Walla silt loam (coarse silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haploxeroll) from 5.5 to 6.2, produced less growth in peas ( Pisum sativum , L.) than in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)—a response inconsistent with greater legume responses to liming. Gypsum applied at 1 Mg/ha did not change soil pH, but was adverse for late‐season pea growth while the sulfate ion remained in the upper 0.30 m of soil. Wheat responded to the added S. Propagule density of Pythium ultimum was high enough to damage pea roots, but showed no differential response to the single lime or gypsum application during the 4‐yr period. Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in the 0‐ to 0.15‐m soil layer of the lime treatment decreased 37% over a 3‐yr period. Gypsum reduced propagule density 22%. Increased exchangeable Ca in response to the lime and gypsum was the only soil factor that explained this reduced propagule density. Calcium may have improved the resistance of pea‐root membranes to pathogen attack, impaired saprophytic growth and survival of the pathogen, or favored microbial antagonism of the pathogen. No measurements were made to determine the mechanism for the Ca effect. Reduced propagule numbers in the top 0.15 m of soil may not have reduced root disease because propagules of F. solani f. sp. pisi were abundant in the 0.15‐ to 0.45‐m layer, which had a pH of 5.7 and showed only a negligible increase of Ca saturation.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Liming produced less growth in peas than in wheat.
- Taxon
- peas
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- single applications of limee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- wheate0
- Setting
- Walla Walla silt loame0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single applications of lime, to adjust pH of a Walla Walla silt loam (coarse silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haploxeroll) from 5.5 to 6.2, produced less growth in peas ( Pisum sativum , L.) than in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum at 1 Mg/ha did not change soil pH.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum applied at 1 Mg/ha did not change soil pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum adversely affected late-season pea growth while sulfate remained in the upper soil.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- Gypsum applied at 1 Mg/hae0
- Outcome
- late‐season pea growthe0
- Direction
- adversee0
- Qualifier
- while the sulfate ion remained in the upper 0.30 m of soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum applied at 1 Mg/ha did not change soil pH, but was adverse for late‐season pea growth while the sulfate ion remained in the upper 0.30 m of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat responded to added sulfur, with direction unspecified.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- added Se0
- Outcome
- respondede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat responded to the added S.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum propagule density was sufficient to damage pea roots.
- Taxon
- Pythium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0
- Interactor
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0host
- Outcome
- Propagule density of Pythium ultimume0
- Direction
- high enoughe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Propagule density of Pythium ultimum was high enough to damage pea roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum density showed no differential response to lime over four years.
- Taxon
- Pythium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0
- Treatment
- single limee0
- Interactor
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0host
- Outcome
- Propagule density of Pythium ultimume0
- Direction
- no differential responsee0
- Qualifier
- 4‐yr periode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Propagule density of Pythium ultimum was high enough to damage pea roots, but showed no differential response to the single lime or gypsum application during the 4‐yr period”
Claim · model-written summary
Pythium ultimum density showed no differential response to gypsum over four years.
- Taxon
- Pythium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Interactor
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0host
- Outcome
- Propagule density of Pythium ultimume0
- Direction
- no differential responsee0
- Qualifier
- 4‐yr periode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Propagule density of Pythium ultimum was high enough to damage pea roots, but showed no differential response to the single lime or gypsum application during the 4‐yr period”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime reduced Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi propagule density by 37% over three years in the upper soil layer.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiFusarium vanetteniie0
- Treatment
- lime treatmente0
- Outcome
- Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Qualifier
- over a 3‐yr periode0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in the 0‐ to 0.15‐m soil layer of the lime treatment decreased 37% over a 3‐yr period”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum reduced Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi propagule density by 22%.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiFusarium vanetteniie1
- Treatment
- Gypsume0
- Outcome
- propagule densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum reduced propagule density 22%.”
e1“Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi in the 0‐ to 0.15‐m soil layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased exchangeable calcium was the only soil factor explaining reduced pathogen propagule density.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiFusarium vanetteniie1
- Compound
- exchangeable Cae0
- Outcome
- propagule densitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Verbatim
e0“Increased exchangeable Ca in response to the lime and gypsum was the only soil factor that explained this reduced propagule density.”
e1“Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium may improve pea-root membrane resistance to pathogen attack.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Compound
- Calciume0
- Outcome
- resistance of pea‐root membranes to pathogen attacke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium may have improved the resistance of pea‐root membranes to pathogen attack”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium may impair saprophytic growth and survival of the pathogen.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiFusarium vanetteniie1
- Compound
- Calciume0
- Outcome
- saprophytic growth and survival of the pathogene0
Verbatim
e0“Calcium may have improved the resistance of pea‐root membranes to pathogen attack, impaired saprophytic growth and survival of the pathogen, or favored microbial antagonism of the pathogen.”
e1“Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium may favor microbial antagonism of the pathogen.
- Taxon
- Fusarium solani f. sp. pisiFusarium vanetteniie1
- Compound
- Calciume0
- Outcome
- microbial antagonism of the pathogene0
Verbatim
e0“Calcium may have improved the resistance of pea‐root membranes to pathogen attack, impaired saprophytic growth and survival of the pathogen, or favored microbial antagonism of the pathogen.”
e1“Propagule density of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi”
Claim · model-written summary
Abundant deeper Fusarium propagules may explain why upper-layer reductions did not reduce root disease.
- Taxon
- F. solani f. sp. pisiFusarium vanetteniie0
- Outcome
- root diseasee0
- Qualifier
- propagules of F. solani f. sp. pisi were abundant in the 0.15‐ to 0.45‐m layere0
Verbatim
e0“Reduced propagule numbers in the top 0.15 m of soil may not have reduced root disease because propagules of F. solani f. sp. pisi were abundant in the 0.15‐ to 0.45‐m layer, which had a pH of 5.7 and showed only a negligible increase of Ca saturation.”
Claim · model-written summary
The deeper soil layer had pH 5.7.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“the 0.15‐ to 0.45‐m layer, which had a pH of 5.7 and showed only a negligible increase of Ca saturation”
Claim · model-written summary
The deeper layer showed only a negligible increase in calcium saturation.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the 0.15‐ to 0.45‐m layer, which had a pH of 5.7 and showed only a negligible increase of Ca saturation”
The same questions in other papers
lime · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.