Abstract
The effect that the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (isolate Jn14) in combination with an amendment of sheep manure has on the soil suppressiveness of Fusarium wilt of tomato was investigated over a 28-month period. A combination of T. harzianum and organic amendment at concentrations (w:w) of 6 and 10% reduced tomato wilt by 21–36 % and 29–36% respectively, after 0–28 months of soil incubation. When the amendment was added at concentration of 2%, the wilt was suppressed only after 18–28 months. A combination of T. harzianum and the amendment at 6% also increased tomato plant fresh weights by 52% after 28 months, and the 10% amendment increased fresh weights by 56, 40, and 63%, after 18, 24, and 28 months respectively, compared to the experimental controls. Organic amendment at the higher concentrations further stimulated T. harzianum populations, enhanced microbial activity against Fusarium oxysporum in the soil and reduced pathogen populations. Without T. harzianum, the organic amendment at a concentration of 10% reduced disease by only 22, 24, and 23% and only after 18, 24 and 28 months of soil incubation respectively, compared with the controls. However, tomato wilt was not reduced at a 2% manure concentration in less than 12 months of incubation. Organic amendment alone at 6 and 10% reduced the pathogen population by 25% and 37% respectively after 28 months of soil incubation compared with the control. T. harzianum produced fungitoxic metabolites that reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium by 37% and conidium germination by 55% when the pathogen was grown on potato dextrose agar amended with a T. harzianum culture filtrate.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 6% reduced tomato wilt by 21–36% over 0–28 months.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- T. harzianum and organic amendment at concentrations (w:w) of 6e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- tomato wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21–36 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of T. harzianum and organic amendment at concentrations (w:w) of 6 and 10% reduced tomato wilt by 21–36 % and 29–36% respectively, after 0–28 months of soil incubation.”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment at 10% reduced tomato wilt by 29–36% over 0–28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum and organic amendment at concentrations (w:w) of 6 and 10%e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- tomato wilte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 29–36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of T. harzianum and organic amendment at concentrations (w:w) of 6 and 10% reduced tomato wilt by 21–36 % and 29–36% respectively, after 0–28 months of soil incubation.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2% amendment, wilt suppression occurred only after 18–28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- amendment was added at concentration of 2%e0
- Outcome
- wilte0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- only after 18–28 monthse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the amendment was added at concentration of 2%, the wilt was suppressed only after 18–28 months.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined 6% treatment increased tomato fresh weight by 52% after 28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum and the amendment at 6%e0
- Outcome
- tomato plant fresh weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Qualifier
- after 28 monthse0
- Comparator
- experimental controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of T. harzianum and the amendment at 6% also increased tomato plant fresh weights by 52% after 28 months, and the 10% amendment increased fresh weights by 56, 40, and 63%, after 18, 24, and 28 months respectively, compared to the experimental controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10% amendment increased fresh weight by 56% after 18 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 10% amendmente0
- Outcome
- fresh weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 56e0
- Qualifier
- after 18e0
- Comparator
- experimental controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 10% amendment increased fresh weights by 56, 40, and 63%, after 18, 24, and 28 months respectively, compared to the experimental controls.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10% amendment increased fresh weight by 40% after 24 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 10% amendmente0
- Outcome
- fresh weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40e0
- Qualifier
- 24e0
- Comparator
- experimental controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 10% amendment increased fresh weights by 56, 40, and 63%, after 18, 24, and 28 months respectively, compared to the experimental controls.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The 10% amendment increased fresh weight by 63% after 28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 10% amendmente0
- Outcome
- fresh weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 63%e0
- Qualifier
- 28 monthse0
- Comparator
- experimental controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the 10% amendment increased fresh weights by 56, 40, and 63%, after 18, 24, and 28 months respectively, compared to the experimental controls.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher organic amendment concentrations stimulated T. harzianum populations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Organic amendment at the higher concentrationse0
- Interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- T. harzianum populationse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic amendment at the higher concentrations further stimulated T. harzianum populations, enhanced microbial activity against Fusarium oxysporum in the soil and reduced pathogen populations.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher amendment concentrations enhanced soil microbial activity against F. oxysporum.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Organic amendment at the higher concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium oxysporume0pathogen - Outcome
- microbial activity against Fusarium oxysporum in the soile0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._batatas)_1234227-PPT-Clemson_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Organic amendment at the higher concentrations further stimulated T. harzianum populations, enhanced microbial activity against Fusarium oxysporum in the soil and reduced pathogen populations.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher amendment concentrations reduced pathogen populations.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Organic amendment at the higher concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporumFusarium oxysporume0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen populationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic amendment at the higher concentrations further stimulated T. harzianum populations, enhanced microbial activity against Fusarium oxysporum in the soil and reduced pathogen populations.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Without Trichoderma, 10% amendment reduced disease by 22% after 18 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- organic amendment at a concentration of 10%e0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22e0
- Qualifier
- after 18e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Without T. harzianum, the organic amendment at a concentration of 10% reduced disease by only 22, 24, and 23% and only after 18, 24 and 28 months of soil incubation respectively, compared with the controls.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Without Trichoderma, 10% amendment reduced disease by 24% after 24 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- organic amendment at a concentration of 10%e0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24e0
- Qualifier
- 24e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Without T. harzianum, the organic amendment at a concentration of 10% reduced disease by only 22, 24, and 23% and only after 18, 24 and 28 months of soil incubation respectively, compared with the controls.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Without Trichoderma, 10% amendment reduced disease by 23% after 28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- organic amendment at a concentration of 10%e0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Qualifier
- 28 monthse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Without T. harzianum, the organic amendment at a concentration of 10% reduced disease by only 22, 24, and 23% and only after 18, 24 and 28 months of soil incubation respectively, compared with the controls.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2% manure, wilt was not reduced before 12 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 2% manure concentratione0
- Outcome
- tomato wilte0
- Direction
- not reducede0
- Qualifier
- less than 12 months of incubatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato wilt was not reduced at a 2% manure concentration in less than 12 months of incubation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendment alone at 6% reduced pathogen population by 25% after 28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Organic amendment alone at 6e0
- Outcome
- pathogen populatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic amendment alone at 6 and 10% reduced the pathogen population by 25% and 37% respectively after 28 months of soil incubation compared with the control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Amendment alone at 10% reduced pathogen population by 37% after 28 months.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Organic amendment alone at 6 and 10%e0
- Outcome
- pathogen populatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic amendment alone at 6 and 10% reduced the pathogen population by 25% and 37% respectively after 28 months of soil incubation compared with the control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma metabolites reduced Fusarium mycelial growth by 37%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum culture filtratee0
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of Fusariume0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37%e0
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum produced fungitoxic metabolites that reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium by 37% and conidium germination by 55% when the pathogen was grown on potato dextrose agar amended with a T. harzianum culture filtrate.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma metabolites reduced Fusarium conidium germination by 55%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum culture filtratee0
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- conidium germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. harzianum produced fungitoxic metabolites that reduced mycelial growth of Fusarium by 37% and conidium germination by 55% when the pathogen was grown on potato dextrose agar amended with a T. harzianum culture filtrate.”
t0“tomato”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.