Abstract
We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments. Soil samples were collected from washed and unwashed plots of rice paddy fields in Fukuoka and Toyama, Japan. Spinach pot cultivation was performed with the above mentioned soil under oxidative conditions. Before and after spinach cultivation, the Cd content in washed soils was always lower than that in unwashed soils.Soil washing with FeCl3 affected the exchangeable cations (i.e. calcium increased and magnesium decreased). The Cd concentration in the soil solution from washed plot was lower than that in the solution from the unwashed plot throughout the spinach growth period, which was attributed to the exchangeable Cd content in both soils, because the fraction equilibrated with the Cd concentration in the soil solution. The exchangeable cation composition was affected by soil washing, but no significant difference in spinach yield was observed between the washed and unwashed plots. The leaf Cd concentration in the two spinach cultivars was up to 70% lower in the washed soils. This study suggested that soil washing in rice paddy fields with FeCl3 was effective for controlling the Cd absorption risk of upland crops such as spinach. However, some risks remain to clear the CODEX standard (0.2 mg kg−1) in the Cd content of leaf such as spinach, which has a high Cd absorptive capacity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Soil washing with FeCl3 kept the Cd content of washed soils lower than unwashed soils before and after spinach cultivation.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3)e0
- Outcome
- Cd contente1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- unwashed soilse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e1“Before and after spinach cultivation, the Cd content in washed soils was always lower than that in unwashed soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil washing with FeCl3 increased exchangeable calcium in the soil.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Soil washing with FeCl3e2
- Outcome
- calciume2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e2“Soil washing with FeCl3 affected the exchangeable cations (i.e. calcium increased and magnesium decreased)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil washing with FeCl3 decreased exchangeable magnesium in the soil.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- Soil washing with FeCl3e2
- Outcome
- magnesiume2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e2“Soil washing with FeCl3 affected the exchangeable cations (i.e. calcium increased and magnesium decreased)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil washing lowered the Cd concentration in the soil solution relative to the unwashed plot throughout the spinach growth period.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Organ / stage
- spinach growth periode3
- Treatment
- soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3)e0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the soil solutione3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- the solution from the unwashed plote3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e3“The Cd concentration in the soil solution from washed plot was lower than that in the solution from the unwashed plot throughout the spinach growth period”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil washing did not significantly change spinach yield compared with unwashed plots.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3)e0
- Outcome
- spinach yielde4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
- Comparator
- unwashed plotse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e4“no significant difference in spinach yield was observed between the washed and unwashed plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Cd concentration in the two spinach cultivars was up to 70% lower in washed soils.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Material
- two spinach cultivarse5
- Organ / stage
- leafe5
- Treatment
- soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3)e0
- Outcome
- leaf Cd concentratione5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Value
- 70%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e5“The leaf Cd concentration in the two spinach cultivars was up to 70% lower in the washed soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Some risks remain for leaf Cd content of spinach to meet the CODEX standard.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae7
- Outcome
- Cd content of leafe7
- Qualifier
- some risks remaine6
- Comparator
- CODEX standarde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We evaluated the effects of soil washing with ferric chloride (FeCl3) on cadmium (Cd) concentrations in soil solutions and Cd absorption by two spinach cultivars in pot experiments”
e6“some risks remain to clear the CODEX standard”
e7“in the Cd content of leaf such as spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil washing in rice paddy fields with FeCl3 was effective for controlling Cd absorption risk in upland crops such as spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae2
- Treatment
- soil washing in rice paddy fields with FeCl3e2
- Outcome
- Cd absorption riske2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Setting
- rice paddy fieldse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“This study suggested that soil washing in rice paddy fields with FeCl3 was effective for controlling the Cd absorption risk of upland crops such as spinach”
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- negative
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2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.