Abstract
Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants are occasionally damaged by frosts during podfill in the north central United States. A study was conducted to determine the extent of damage to the yield and quality of harvested soybean seeds when the plants experienced freezing temperatures at various stages of reproductive growth. Four cultivars were grown in 19‐liter plastic pots sunk into holes in the field. At weekly intervals beginning at R4 (full pod), pots were removed from the soil and placed in a controlled temperature chamber where the temperature was gradually lowered until about 80% of the leaves were visibly damaged. The pots were then returned to the field and the plants left to mature. Yield was reduced significantly in all cultivars by treatments imposed before R6 (full seed). Significant yield reductions after this stage were not detected in all cultivars. Reductions in both seed number and size contributed to yield losses. Frost‐injured plants reached maturity earlier than controls, but no difference in moisture was detected between seeds harvested from frost‐injured and control plants. Protein concentration of mature seeds was not affected by frost treatments, but seed oil concentration was significantly reduced by treatments before R6 (maximum reduction = 9%). Epiphytic ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria promote freezing damage in tender plants by preventing supercooling of water in plant tissues during periods of low temperature. Populations of INA bacteria on the leaves of border plants were determined throughout the period of the freezing experiments. No apparent differences in INA bacterial populations existed among the soybean cultivars. Temperatures at which freezing damage symptoms become visible in test plants varied throughout the season and were positively associated with the logarithm of the INA bacterial populations on border plant leaves.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing before R6 significantly reduced yield in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- treatments imposed before R6 (full seed)e0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield was reduced significantly in all cultivars by treatments imposed before R6 (full seed)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing after R6 did not significantly reduce yield in all cultivars.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- after this stagee0
- Outcome
- yield reductionse0
- Direction
- not detectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant yield reductions after this stage were not detected in all cultivars”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced seed number contributed to yield losses.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- seed numbere0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in both seed number and size contributed to yield losses”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced seed size contributed to yield losses.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- sizee0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in both seed number and size contributed to yield losses”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Frost-injured soybean plants matured earlier than controls.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Frost‐injurede0
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Frost‐injured plants reached maturity earlier than controls”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed moisture did not differ between frost-injured and control plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- frost‐injurede0
- Outcome
- moisturee0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no difference in moisture was detected between seeds harvested from frost‐injured and control plants”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Frost did not affect mature seed protein concentration.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- frost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Protein concentration of mature seedse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein concentration of mature seeds was not affected by frost treatments”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing before R6 significantly reduced seed oil concentration, at most 9%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- treatments before R6e0
- Outcome
- seed oil concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed oil concentration was significantly reduced by treatments before R6 (maximum reduction = 9%)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature at visible freezing damage varied through the season.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Temperatures at which freezing damage symptoms become visiblee0
- Direction
- variede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temperatures at which freezing damage symptoms become visible in test plants varied throughout the season”
t0“Soybean”
The same questions in other papers
cold · soil: physics · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
cold · phenology · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
cold · quality: protein · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.