Abstract
The vernalization gene 2 (VRN2), is a major flowering repressor in temperate cereals that is regulated by low temperature and photoperiod. Here we show that the gene from Triticum aestivum (TaVRN2) is also regulated by salt, heat shock, dehydration, wounding and abscissic acid. Promoter analysis indicates that TaVRN2 regulatory region possesses all the specific responsive elements to these stresses. This suggests pleiotropic effects of TaVRN2 in wheat development and adaptability to the environment. To test if TaVRN2 can act as a flowering repressor in species different from the temperate cereals, the gene was ectopically expressed in the model plant Arabidopsis. Transgenic plants showed no alteration in morphology, but their flowering time was significantly delayed compared to controls plants, indicating that TaVRN2, although having no ortholog in Brassicaceae, can act as a flowering repressor in these species. To identify the possible mechanism by which TaVRN2 gene delays flowering in Arabidopsis, the expression level of several genes involved in flowering time regulation was determined. The analysis indicates that the late flowering of the 35S::TaVRN2 plants was associated with a complex pattern of expression of the major flowering control genes, FCA, FLC, FT, FVE and SOC1. This suggests that heterologous expression of TaVRN2 in Arabidopsis can delay flowering by modulating several floral inductive pathways. Furthermore, transgenic plants showed higher freezing tolerance, likely due to the accumulation of CBF2, CBF3 and the COR genes. Overall, our data suggests that TaVRN2 gene could modulate a common regulator of the two interacting pathways that regulate flowering time and the induction of cold tolerance. The results also demonstrate that TaVRN2 could be used to manipulate flowering time and improve cold tolerance in other species.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat TaVRN2 was regulated by salt, heat shock, dehydration, wounding and abscissic acid.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivume0 - Gene
- TaVRN2e0
- Outcome
- regulated by salt, heat shock, dehydration, wounding and abscissic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the gene from Triticum aestivum (TaVRN2) is also regulated by salt, heat shock, dehydration, wounding and abscissic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
The TaVRN2 regulatory region contained stress responsive elements.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaVRN2e0
- Outcome
- specific responsive elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaVRN2 regulatory region possesses all the specific responsive elements to these stresses”
t0“Wheat VERNALIZATION 2 (TaVRN2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic TaVRN2 expression did not alter Arabidopsis morphology.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- Transgenice0
- Gene
- TaVRN2t0
- Outcome
- morphologye0
- Direction
- no alteratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic plants showed no alteration in morphology”
t0“TaVRN2) Gene in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic TaVRN2 expression significantly delayed flowering in Arabidopsis versus controls.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- TaVRN2t0
- Gene
- TaVRN2t0
- Outcome
- flowering timee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- controls plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their flowering time was significantly delayed compared to controls plants”
t0“TaVRN2) Gene in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Late flowering in 35S::TaVRN2 Arabidopsis plants was associated with altered expression patterns of FCA, FLC, FT, FVE and SOC1.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- 35S::TaVRN2 plantse0
- Gene
- FCA, FLC, FT, FVE and SOC1e0
- Outcome
- late floweringe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the late flowering of the 35S::TaVRN2 plants was associated with a complex pattern of expression of the major flowering control genes, FCA, FLC, FT, FVE and SOC1”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed higher freezing tolerance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- transgenice0
- Outcome
- freezing tolerancee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic plants showed higher freezing tolerance”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The higher freezing tolerance was attributed to accumulation of CBF2, CBF3 and COR genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- CBF2, CBF3 and the COR genese0
- Outcome
- higher freezing tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- likelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transgenic plants showed higher freezing tolerance, likely due to the accumulation of CBF2, CBF3 and the COR genes”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
TaVRN2 may modulate a common regulator of flowering time and cold tolerance pathways.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- TaVRN2e0
- Outcome
- flowering time and the induction of cold tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- coulde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaVRN2 gene could modulate a common regulator of the two interacting pathways that regulate flowering time and the induction of cold tolerance”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose TaVRN2 for manipulation of flowering time and improvement of cold tolerance in other species.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- TaVRN2e0
- Outcome
- manipulate flowering time and improve cold tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaVRN2 could be used to manipulate flowering time and improve cold tolerance in other species”
t0“in Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
transgenic · growth · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 35 in the opposite direction
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