Abstract
Glyphosate and glufosinate resistant (RR/LL) volunteer corn has become a problem when hybrid RR/LL corn follows hybrid RR/LL corn in the rotation. A total of six field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2008 to 2010) in southwestern Ontario to 1) evaluate the competitiveness of volunteer RR/LL corn in hybrid RR/LL corn, and 2) determine how to control volunteer RR/LL corn in hybrid RR/LL corn. The predicted volunteer RR/LL corn density to reduce hybrid RR/LL corn yield by 5% was 1.7 volunteer RR/LL corn plants m－2. There was no crop injury in hybrid RR/LL corn with herbicides evaluated at 1 and 2 WAA except for rimsulfuron(15 g·ai·ha－1) and foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1) which caused as much as 5% and 11% injury in hybrid RR/LL corn, respectively. Glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha－1), glufosinate(500 g·ae·ha－1) and glyphosate + glufosinate (1800 + 500 g·ae·ha－1) provided up to 18%, 10% and 21% control of volunteer RR/LL corn, respectively. The POST application of rimsulfuron (15 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1), and primisulfuron/dicamba (166 g·ai·ha－1) did not provided any control of volunteer RR/LL corn. Glyphosate and glyphosate + glufosinate reduced volunteer corn density 26% and 30%, respectively. The other herbicides evaluated did not reduce volunteer RR/LL corn density compared to the weedy control. None of the herbicides evaluated reduced volunteer RR/LL corn cob numbers compared to the weedy control. Glyphosate + glufosinate applied POST reduced volunteer RR/LL corn yield 35% compared to the weedy control but other herbicides evaluated caused no reduction in volunteer RR/LL corn yield compared to the weedy control. Glyphosate applied POST resulted in hybrid RR/LL corn yield equivalent to the weed free control but all other herbicide treatments resulted hybrid RR/LL corn yield equivalent to the weedy control. This research concludes that volunteer RR/LL corn can be very competitive with RR/LL hybrid corn. None of the herbicides evaluated provided adequate control of volunteer RR/LL corn in hybrid RR/LL corn.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
The predicted volunteer density that reduces hybrid corn yield by 5% was 1.7 plants per m2.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- density to reduce hybrid RR/LL corn yield by 5%e1
- Value
- 1.7 volunteer RR/LL corn plants m－2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The predicted volunteer RR/LL corn density to reduce hybrid RR/LL corn yield by 5% was 1.7 volunteer RR/LL corn plants m－2”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides evaluated at 1 and 2 WAA caused no crop injury in hybrid RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- herbicides evaluated at 1 and 2 WAAe1
- Outcome
- crop injurye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“There was no crop injury in hybrid RR/LL corn with herbicides evaluated at 1 and 2 WAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Rimsulfuron (15 g ai/ha) caused up to 5% injury in hybrid RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- rimsulfuron(15 g·ai·ha－1)e1
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Value
- 5%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“except for rimsulfuron(15 g·ai·ha－1) and foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1) which caused as much as 5% and 11% injury in hybrid RR/LL corn, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron (35 g ai/ha) caused up to 11% injury in hybrid RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1)e1
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Value
- 11%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“except for rimsulfuron(15 g·ai·ha－1) and foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1) which caused as much as 5% and 11% injury in hybrid RR/LL corn, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate (1800 g ae/ha) provided up to 18% control of volunteer RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha－1)e1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- control of volunteer RR/LL corne1
- Value
- 18%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha－1), glufosinate(500 g·ae·ha－1) and glyphosate + glufosinate (1800 + 500 g·ae·ha－1) provided up to 18%, 10% and 21% control of volunteer RR/LL corn, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate (500 g ae/ha) provided up to 10% control of volunteer RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- glufosinate(500 g·ae·ha－1)e1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- control of volunteer RR/LL corne1
- Value
- 10%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha－1), glufosinate(500 g·ae·ha－1) and glyphosate + glufosinate (1800 + 500 g·ae·ha－1) provided up to 18%, 10% and 21% control of volunteer RR/LL corn, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus glufosinate provided up to 21% control of volunteer RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- glyphosate + glufosinate (1800 + 500 g·ae·ha－1)e1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- control of volunteer RR/LL corne1
- Value
- 21%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha－1), glufosinate(500 g·ae·ha－1) and glyphosate + glufosinate (1800 + 500 g·ae·ha－1) provided up to 18%, 10% and 21% control of volunteer RR/LL corn, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron POST provided no control of volunteer RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- rimsulfuron (15 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1)e1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- control of volunteer RR/LL corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The POST application of rimsulfuron (15 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1), and primisulfuron/dicamba (166 g·ai·ha－1) did not provided any control of volunteer RR/LL corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Foramsulfuron and primisulfuron/dicamba POST provided no control of volunteer RR/LL corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1), and primisulfuron/dicamba (166 g·ai·ha－1)e1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- control of volunteer RR/LL corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The POST application of rimsulfuron (15 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron (25 g·ai·ha－1), foramsulfuron (35 g·ai·ha－1), and primisulfuron/dicamba (166 g·ai·ha－1) did not provided any control of volunteer RR/LL corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate reduced volunteer corn density by 26%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Glyphosatee1
- Interactor
- volunteer corne1weed
- Outcome
- volunteer corn densitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 26%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate and glyphosate + glufosinate reduced volunteer corn density 26% and 30%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus glufosinate reduced volunteer corn density by 30%.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- glyphosate + glufosinatee1
- Interactor
- volunteer corne1weed
- Outcome
- volunteer corn densitye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 30%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate and glyphosate + glufosinate reduced volunteer corn density 26% and 30%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The other herbicides did not reduce volunteer corn density compared with the weedy control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- other herbicides evaluatede1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- volunteer RR/LL corn densitye1
- Direction
- did not reducee1
- Comparator
- weedy controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The other herbicides evaluated did not reduce volunteer RR/LL corn density compared to the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
No herbicide reduced volunteer corn cob numbers compared with the weedy control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- herbicides evaluatede1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- volunteer RR/LL corn cob numberse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- weedy controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“None of the herbicides evaluated reduced volunteer RR/LL corn cob numbers compared to the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus glufosinate applied POST reduced volunteer corn yield by 35% compared with the weedy control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Glyphosate + glufosinate applied POSTe1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- volunteer RR/LL corn yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 35%e1
- Comparator
- weedy controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate + glufosinate applied POST reduced volunteer RR/LL corn yield 35% compared to the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
The other herbicides caused no reduction in volunteer corn yield compared with the weedy control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- other herbicides evaluatede1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- volunteer RR/LL corn yielde1
- Direction
- caused no reductione1
- Comparator
- weedy controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“other herbicides evaluated caused no reduction in volunteer RR/LL corn yield compared to the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate applied POST gave hybrid corn yield equivalent to the weed-free control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Glyphosate applied POSTe1
- Outcome
- hybrid RR/LL corn yielde1
- Direction
- equivalente1
- Comparator
- weed free controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Glyphosate applied POST resulted in hybrid RR/LL corn yield equivalent to the weed free control”
Claim · model-written summary
All other herbicide treatments gave hybrid corn yield equivalent to the weedy control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- other herbicide treatmentse1
- Outcome
- hybrid RR/LL corn yielde1
- Direction
- equivalente1
- Comparator
- weedy controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“all other herbicide treatments resulted hybrid RR/LL corn yield equivalent to the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
Volunteer RR/LL corn can be very competitive with RR/LL hybrid corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- very competitivee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“volunteer RR/LL corn can be very competitive with RR/LL hybrid corn”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the herbicides evaluated gave adequate control of volunteer corn in hybrid corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- herbicides evaluatede1
- Interactor
- volunteer RR/LL corne1weed
- Outcome
- adequate control of volunteer RR/LL corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“None of the herbicides evaluated provided adequate control of volunteer RR/LL corn in hybrid RR/LL corn”
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