Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and nitric oxide (NO) are well-characterized signaling molecules in plant defense responses. However, their roles in plant defense against root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection are largely unknown. In this study, we found that the transcript levels of the JA- and NO-related biosynthetic and signaling component genes were induced after RKN infection. Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection and partially alleviated RKN-induced decreases in plant fresh weight and net photosynthetic rate. These molecules also alleviated RKN-induced increases in root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidation. Importantly, NO scavenger partially inhibited JA-induced RKN defense. The pharmacological inhibition of JA biosynthesis significantly increased the plants' susceptibility to RKNs, which was effectively alleviated by SNP application, showing that NO may be involved in the JA-dependent RKN defense pathway. Furthermore, both JA and SNP induced increases in protease inhibitor 2 (PI2) gene expression after RKN infestation. Silencing of PI2 compromised both JA- and SNP-induced RKN defense responses, suggesting that the PI2 gene mediates JA- and NO-induced defense against RKNs. This work will be important for deepening the understanding of the mechanisms involved in basal defense against RKN attack in plants.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Root-knot nematode infection induced transcript levels of JA- and NO-related biosynthetic and signaling component genes in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- RKN infectione1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pathogen - Gene
- JA- and NO-related biosynthetic and signaling component genese1
- Outcome
- transcript levelse1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e0“root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection”
e1“the transcript levels of the JA- and NO-related biosynthetic and signaling component genes were induced after RKN infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous JA significantly decreased the number of egg masses of root-knot nematode in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- exogenous JAe2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of egg massese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e0“root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection”
e2“Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium nitroprusside significantly decreased the number of egg masses of root-knot nematode in tomato roots.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprussidee2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of egg massese2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e0“root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection”
e2“Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous JA partially alleviated RKN-induced decreases in tomato fresh weight and net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous JAe2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant fresh weight and net photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- partially alleviatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e0“root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection”
e2“Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection”
e3“partially alleviated RKN-induced decreases in plant fresh weight and net photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium nitroprusside partially alleviated RKN-induced decreases in tomato fresh weight and net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprussidee2
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant fresh weight and net photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- partially alleviatede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e0“root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne incognita) infection”
e2“Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection”
e3“partially alleviated RKN-induced decreases in plant fresh weight and net photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous JA alleviated RKN-induced increases in root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous JAe2
- Outcome
- root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidatione4
- Direction
- alleviatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection”
e4“These molecules also alleviated RKN-induced increases in root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium nitroprusside alleviated RKN-induced increases in root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- sodium nitroprussidee2
- Outcome
- root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidatione4
- Direction
- alleviatede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“Application of exogenous JA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a NO donor) significantly decreased the number of egg masses in tomato roots after RKN infection”
e4“These molecules also alleviated RKN-induced increases in root electrolyte leakage and membrane peroxidation”
Claim · model-written summary
NO scavenger partially inhibited JA-induced RKN defense in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NO scavengere5
- Interactor
- RKNe5pathogen
- Outcome
- RKN defensee5
- Direction
- partially inhibitede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e5“Importantly, NO scavenger partially inhibited JA-induced RKN defense”
Claim · model-written summary
Pharmacological inhibition of JA biosynthesis significantly increased the susceptibility of tomato to RKNs.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pharmacological inhibition of JA biosynthesise6
- Interactor
- RKNse6pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e6“The pharmacological inhibition of JA biosynthesis significantly increased the plants' susceptibility to RKNs”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP application effectively alleviated the increased susceptibility of tomato to RKNs caused by JA biosynthesis inhibition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SNP applicatione7
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye6
- Direction
- effectively alleviatede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e6“The pharmacological inhibition of JA biosynthesis significantly increased the plants' susceptibility to RKNs”
e7“which was effectively alleviated by SNP application”
Claim · model-written summary
NO may be involved in the JA-dependent RKN defense pathway of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- NOe2
- Outcome
- JA-dependent RKN defense pathwaye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“showing that NO may be involved in the JA-dependent RKN defense pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
JA induced increases in protease inhibitor 2 (PI2) gene expression in tomato after RKN infestation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- JAe2
- Interactor
- RKNe2pathogen
- Gene
- protease inhibitor 2 (PI2)e2
- Outcome
- gene expressione2
- Direction
- increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“both JA and SNP induced increases in protease inhibitor 2 (PI2) gene expression after RKN infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP induced increases in protease inhibitor 2 (PI2) gene expression in tomato after RKN infestation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SNPe2
- Interactor
- RKNe2pathogen
- Gene
- protease inhibitor 2 (PI2)e2
- Outcome
- gene expressione2
- Direction
- increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“both JA and SNP induced increases in protease inhibitor 2 (PI2) gene expression after RKN infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of PI2 compromised both JA- and SNP-induced RKN defense responses in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Silencing of PI2e2
- Interactor
- RKNe2pathogen
- Gene
- PI2e2
- Outcome
- RKN defense responsese2
- Direction
- compromisede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“Silencing of PI2 compromised both JA- and SNP-induced RKN defense responses”
Claim · model-written summary
The PI2 gene is suggested to mediate JA- and NO-induced defense against RKNs in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- PI2 genee2
- Outcome
- defense against RKNse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“root-knot nematode in tomato plants”
e2“suggesting that the PI2 gene mediates JA- and NO-induced defense against RKNs”
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See all 11 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.