Abstract
Abstract An electron‐microprobe study of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples with and without bitter pit revealed a 1.7‐fold increase in calcium and a 5‐to 8‐fold increase in magnesium in pitted as compared to non‐pitted tissue. Potassium gradients were not evident in either pitted or non‐pitted tissues. The highest concentration of calcium and magnesium was in the approximate center of the pitted area. No significant gradients in calcium, magnesium and potassium appeared in the control tissue. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study revealed spherical shaped'globules’ in the pitted tissue only. Electron microprobe analysis indicated these globules to be high in calcium and ultra‐high in magnesium as compared to the surrounding tissue. Golden Delicious apples were vacuum infiltrated with calcium or magnesium alone or in combination with ethylene or ethephon. Within 1 week after infiltration, the magnesium‐treated fruit exhibited bitter‐pit symptoms that were morphologically similar to those induced either by ethylene or ethephon treatment. The results indicate that magnesium can stimulate bitter‐pit symptoms, whereas, calcium treatment can totally prevent bitter‐pit development.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In Golden Delicious apples, calcium was 1.7-fold higher in pitted than in non-pitted tissue (electron-microprobe study).
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae1 - Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Organ / stage
- pittede0
- Outcome
- calciume0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.7‐folde0
- Comparator
- non‐pitted tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“revealed a 1.7‐fold increase in calcium and a 5‐to 8‐fold increase in magnesium in pitted as compared to non‐pitted tissue”
e1“Golden Delicious’ apples with and without bitter pit”
Claim · model-written summary
In Golden Delicious apples, magnesium was 5- to 8-fold higher in pitted than in non-pitted tissue (electron-microprobe study).
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae1
- Material
- Golden Deliciouse1
- Organ / stage
- pittede0
- Outcome
- magnesiume0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5‐to 8‐folde0
- Comparator
- non‐pitted tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“revealed a 1.7‐fold increase in calcium and a 5‐to 8‐fold increase in magnesium in pitted as compared to non‐pitted tissue”
e1“Golden Delicious’ apples with and without bitter pit”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium gradients were not evident in either pitted or non-pitted apple tissue.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Potassium gradientse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potassium gradients were not evident in either pitted or non‐pitted tissues”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest concentration of calcium and magnesium was in the approximate center of the pitted area of the apple tissue.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- highest concentration of calcium and magnesiume0
- Qualifier
- approximate center of the pitted areae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of calcium and magnesium was in the approximate center of the pitted area”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant gradients in calcium, magnesium and potassium appeared in control apple tissue.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- control tissuee0
- Outcome
- gradients in calcium, magnesium and potassiume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant gradients in calcium, magnesium and potassium appeared in the control tissue”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical globules in pitted apple tissue only.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- pitted tissuee0
- Outcome
- spherical shaped'globules’e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study revealed spherical shaped'globules’ in the pitted tissue only”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Electron microprobe analysis indicated the globules in pitted apple tissue were high in calcium compared with the surrounding tissue.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- globulese0
- Outcome
- calciume0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- surrounding tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electron microprobe analysis indicated these globules to be high in calcium and ultra‐high in magnesium as compared to the surrounding tissue”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Electron microprobe analysis indicated the globules in pitted apple tissue were ultra-high in magnesium compared with the surrounding tissue.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- globulese0
- Outcome
- magnesiume0
- Direction
- ultra‐highe0
- Comparator
- surrounding tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Electron microprobe analysis indicated these globules to be high in calcium and ultra‐high in magnesium as compared to the surrounding tissue”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Within 1 week after vacuum infiltration, magnesium-treated Golden Delicious apples showed bitter-pit symptoms morphologically similar to those induced by ethylene or ethephon.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- magnesiume0
- Outcome
- bitter‐pit symptomse0
- Qualifier
- Within 1 week after infiltratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within 1 week after infiltration, the magnesium‐treated fruit exhibited bitter‐pit symptoms that were morphologically similar to those induced either by ethylene or ethephon treatment”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that calcium treatment can totally prevent bitter-pit development in apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium treatmente0
- Outcome
- bitter‐pit developmente0
- Direction
- prevente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium treatment can totally prevent bitter‐pit development”
t0“apples”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 6 papers →calcium atom · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.