Abstract
SummaryCalcium stress to the roots, especially during the early stages of apple fruit development, induced bitter pit in the fruits; the pit appeared deep in the fruit cortex of cv Egremont Russet, unlike the sub-cuticular layer pit induced in other apple culti vars. Marginal leaf scorch symptoms in the old leaves were induced by Ca deficiency: the symptoms became acute when combined with Mg deficiency (induced by Ca deficiency and extra K). The development of fine roots and root hairs was also adversely affected by Ca deficiency. Leaf analysis showed that total Ca in leaves does not indicate the functional Ca status of plants or necessarily reflect the Ca supply to the fruit. Extra K decreased leaf Ca and Mg and increased leaf K concentrations. Bitter pit was positively related to fruit size and to K in apple peel, and was negatively related to Mg and Ca in peel and to Ca++ in the juice. Calcium thresholds derived according to “Boundary Line” concepts are proposed for predicting the incidence of bitter pit in apples (cv Egremont Russet): a “Free Limit” (500 ppm Ca in the dry matter), i.e. the concentration of Ca in the peel above which the fruit is completely free from bitter pit, and a “Safe Limit” (450 ppm Ca in the dry matter), the concentration in the peel above which bitter pit in the fruit is unimportant economically.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Root calcium stress early in fruit development induced bitter pit.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- Calcium stress to the rootse0
- Outcome
- bitter pit in the fruitse0
- Qualifier
- early stages of apple fruit developmente0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium stress to the roots, especially during the early stages of apple fruit development, induced bitter pit in the fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter pit was deep in the cortex of Egremont Russet fruit, unlike the subcuticular pit of other cultivars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv Egremont Russete0
- Outcome
- pit appeared deep in the fruit cortexe0
- Comparator
- other apple culti varse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pit appeared deep in the fruit cortex of cv Egremont Russet, unlike the sub-cuticular layer pit induced in other apple culti vars”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deficiency induced marginal scorch of old leaves.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- old leavese0
- Treatment
- Ca deficiencye0
- Outcome
- Marginal leaf scorch symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Marginal leaf scorch symptoms in the old leaves were induced by Ca deficiency”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined calcium and magnesium deficiency made leaf scorch acute.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Mg deficiencye0
- Outcome
- symptomse0
- Direction
- became acutee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the symptoms became acute when combined with Mg deficiency (induced by Ca deficiency and extra K)”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deficiency adversely affected fine roots and root hairs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ca deficiencye0
- Outcome
- development of fine roots and root hairse0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of fine roots and root hairs was also adversely affected by Ca deficiency”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Total leaf calcium did not indicate functional calcium status or necessarily fruit calcium supply.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- total Ca in leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total Ca in leaves does not indicate the functional Ca status of plants or necessarily reflect the Ca supply to the fruit”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra potassium decreased leaf calcium and magnesium concentrations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Extra Ke0
- Outcome
- leaf Ca and Mge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extra K decreased leaf Ca and Mg and increased leaf K concentrations”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra potassium increased leaf potassium concentration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Extra Ke0
- Outcome
- leaf K concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extra K decreased leaf Ca and Mg and increased leaf K concentrations”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter pit correlated positively with fruit size and peel potassium.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- apple peele0
- Outcome
- Bitter pite0
- Direction
- positively relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bitter pit was positively related to fruit size and to K in apple peel”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitter pit correlated negatively with peel magnesium and calcium and juice calcium ions.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- peele0
- Outcome
- Bitter pite0
- Direction
- negatively relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bitter pit was positively related to fruit size and to K in apple peel, and was negatively related to Mg and Ca in peel and to Ca++ in the juice”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
A peel calcium free limit of 500 ppm was proposed to predict no bitter pit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- fruit is completely free from bitter pite0
- Value
- 500 ppm Ca in the dry mattere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a “Free Limit” (500 ppm Ca in the dry matter), i.e. the concentration of Ca in the peel above which the fruit is completely free from bitter pit”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
A peel calcium safe limit of 450 ppm was proposed for economically unimportant bitter pit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- bitter pit in the fruit is unimportant economicallye0
- Value
- 450 ppm Ca in the dry mattere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a “Safe Limit” (450 ppm Ca in the dry matter), the concentration in the peel above which bitter pit in the fruit is unimportant economically”
t0“Apple Trees”
The same questions in other papers
magnesium atom · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- negative
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See all 6 papers →calcium atom · crop injury · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- negative
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →calcium atom · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
This paper is about lacking the nutrient, so it counts the other way round here.
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.