Abstract
Since 1996 this Center has carried out several studies to determine the content of mineral elements in skin and flesh of different apple cultivars. Centro de Pomáceas has found relationships of some of them with the incidence of physiological disorders in fruit during storage. The most relevant elements involved have been Ca and its antagonists (Mg and K). Not only a deficit, but also an excess of these nutrients has been associated with diverse symptoms: bitter pit, lenticel breakdown and stem-end splitting. Calcium toxicity has been related to postharvest applications of the element, including lenticel injuries (depression and browning). The effect of Ca concentration: 0% (water), 1.5 and 3.0% CaCl2, as a drench, and fruit drying speed (immediate entrance of fruit to cold storage or one d delay at room temperature), was determined on incidence of lenticel breakdown. Cultivars tested were: Royal Gala, Jonagold, Granny Smith and Braeburn. Results indicated that injury incidence affected between 20% (Granny Smith and Braeburn) and 60% (Royal Gala) and were increased with higher Ca concentration. Drying speed had no effect on the occurrence of damage. On the other hand, Ca deficiency is responsible for bitter pit; i.e. brown depressions located towards the calyx-end of the fruits. In this case, Ca levels have fluctuated between 170 and 400 ppm on skin, and between 80 and 300 ppm on fruit flesh. In addition, and given its high association with other nutrient imbalances, ratios for N/Ca, Mg/Ca and K/Ca have been calculated. The injury known as stem-end splitting, important in Royal Gala apples, would be apparently associated with K level in the tissue, since this was the only element that had a significantly higher concentration in injured fruits
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium, magnesium, and potassium were the most relevant minerals associated with apple storage disorders.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARS
Malus domesticat0 - Compound
- Ca and its antagonists (Mg and K)e0
- Outcome
- most relevant elements involvede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most relevant elements involved have been Ca and its antagonists (Mg and K).”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Both nutrient deficit and excess were associated with bitter pit, lenticel breakdown, and stem-end splitting.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- these nutrientse0
- Outcome
- bitter pit, lenticel breakdown and stem-end splittinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Not only a deficit, but also an excess of these nutrients has been associated with diverse symptoms: bitter pit, lenticel breakdown and stem-end splitting.”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest calcium application was linked to calcium toxicity and lenticel injury.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- postharvest applications of the elemente0
- Outcome
- lenticel injuries (depression and browning)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium toxicity has been related to postharvest applications of the element, including lenticel injuries (depression and browning).”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Lenticel injury incidence ranged from 20% in Granny Smith and Braeburn to 60% in Royal Gala.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- injury incidencee0
- Value
- between 20% (Granny Smith and Braeburn) and 60% (Royal Gala)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury incidence affected between 20% (Granny Smith and Braeburn) and 60% (Royal Gala)”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher calcium concentrations increased lenticel injury incidence.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- higher Ca concentratione0
- Outcome
- injury incidencee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury incidence affected between 20% (Granny Smith and Braeburn) and 60% (Royal Gala) and were increased with higher Ca concentration.”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit drying speed had no effect on lenticel damage occurrence.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Drying speede0
- Outcome
- occurrence of damagee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drying speed had no effect on the occurrence of damage.”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deficiency was implicated as the cause of bitter pit.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- bitter pite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca deficiency is responsible for bitter pit; i.e. brown depressions located towards the calyx-end of the fruits.”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium levels in affected apple skin ranged from 170 to 400 ppm.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- skine0
- Outcome
- Ca levelse0
- Value
- between 170 and 400 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca levels have fluctuated between 170 and 400 ppm on skin”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium levels in apple fruit flesh ranged from 80 to 300 ppm.
- Taxon
- APPLE CULTIVARSMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruit fleshe0
- Outcome
- Ca levelse1
- Value
- between 80 and 300 ppme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“between 80 and 300 ppm on fruit flesh”
e1“Ca levels have fluctuated between 170 and 400 ppm on skin, and between 80 and 300 ppm on fruit flesh.”
t0“APPLE CULTIVARS”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem-end splitting in Royal Gala apples was apparently associated with higher tissue potassium.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- Royal Galae0
- Organ / stage
- tissuee0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- stem-end splittinge0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem-end splitting, important in Royal Gala apples, would be apparently associated with K level in the tissue, since this was the only element that had a significantly higher concentration in injured fruits”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.