Abstract
Abstract Plant growth regulators (PGR) have potential to increase grain yield and may also alter grain protein levels of cereal crops. A 3‐yr field experiment with spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was conducted to determine whether ethephon treatment increased protein concentration, protein yield, and grain yield. A greenhouse experiment was also conducted to evaluate the response of barley grain protein concentration to gradual addition of ethephon (2.2 × 10 ‐3 mM) or chlormequat (5.8 × 10 ‐3 mM) solution after an thesis. Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur. For Laurier barley, total gram N content was increased by up to 20 % in one year of this study. However, over the 3 years, an inverse relation existed between grain protein and yield. Greenhouse data showed that i) the gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spike, which is established before anthesis, was not affected by either chlormequat or ethephon; and ii) chlormequat increased grain protein by 7 to 11 % whereas ethephon increased protein concentration by up to 13 % in one of the two experiments. Our data indicate that PGR can alter protein accumulation in the grain, and thus, the quality of bread wheat and feed barley crops can be increased m regions with a short crop‐growing season. However, a portion of the increase in gram protein concentration is due to decreased starch deposition, which is associated with yield reductions. The greenhouse data confirmed that a portion of the increase in grain protein concentration due to PGR application is caused by increased protein accumulation in the barley grain.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased barley grain protein concentration by up to 16% in the field.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain protein concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16 %e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased wheat grain protein concentration by up to 16% in the field.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain protein concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16 %e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon decreased barley grain yield in the field.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon decreased wheat grain yield in the field.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon produced small or absent protein yield increases in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- increases were small or did not occure0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon produced small or absent protein yield increases in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ethephon treatmente0
- Outcome
- protein yielde0
- Direction
- increases were small or did not occure0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur.”
Claim · model-written summary
Laurier barley grain nitrogen content increased by up to 20% in one year.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Lauriere0
- Outcome
- total gram N contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Qualifier
- in one year of this studye0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“For Laurier barley, total gram N content was increased by up to 20 % in one year of this study.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein and yield had an inverse relation across three years.
- Taxon
- Spring Barley and WheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- graine0
- Outcome
- grain protein and yielde0
- Direction
- inverse relatione0
- Qualifier
- over the 3 yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“However, over the 3 years, an inverse relation existed between grain protein and yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
The chlormequat treatment did not affect the preanthesis gradient in grain size and protein among barley spikelets.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- chlormequate0
- Outcome
- gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spikee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- established before anthesise0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley”
e0“the gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spike, which is established before anthesis, was not affected by either chlormequat or ethephon”
Claim · model-written summary
The ethephon treatment did not affect the preanthesis gradient in grain size and protein among barley spikelets.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spikee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- established before anthesise0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley”
e0“the gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spike, which is established before anthesis, was not affected by either chlormequat or ethephon”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlormequat increased barley grain protein by 7 to 11% in a greenhouse experiment.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- chlormequate0
- Outcome
- grain proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7 to 11 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“chlormequat increased grain protein by 7 to 11 % whereas ethephon increased protein concentration by up to 13 % in one of the two experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased barley grain protein concentration by up to 13% in one of two greenhouse experiments.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- protein concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13 %e0
- Qualifier
- in one of the two experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“chlormequat increased grain protein by 7 to 11 % whereas ethephon increased protein concentration by up to 13 % in one of the two experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute some grain protein concentration increase to reduced starch deposition associated with reduced yield.
- Taxon
- Spring Barley and WheatHordeum vulgareTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- increase in gram protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- decreased starch depositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Spring Barley and Wheat”
e0“a portion of the increase in gram protein concentration is due to decreased starch deposition, which is associated with yield reductions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased protein accumulation in barley grain partly caused the protein concentration increase after plant growth regulator application.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- PGR applicatione0
- Outcome
- increase in grain protein concentratione0
- Qualifier
- increased protein accumulation in the barley graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The greenhouse data confirmed that a portion of the increase in grain protein concentration due to PGR application is caused by increased protein accumulation in the barley grain.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.