Abstract
Understanding the physiological mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance is important for developing hypoxia‐tolerant genotypes. This experiment investigated whether differential responses to hypoxia and ethylene exist in root characteristics, hormonal activity, and shoot growth for two wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Bayles and Jackson, differing in waterlogging tolerance. Rooting characteristics, ethylene production, cellulase activity, and shoot growth were determined after application of hypoxia and various concentrations of ethylene to the rooting medium in a growth chamber. Hypoxia limited root elongation for both cultivars but enhanced production of crown roots for tolerant Jackson. Hypoxia induced root aerenchyma formation and enhanced root ethylene production for both cultivars, but the response was greater for Jackson than Bayles. Ethylene effects on root growth and aerenchyma formation were similar to those observed for hypoxia treatment. All concentrations of ethylene (0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 μL −1 ) hastened the production of crown roots for Jackson but inhibited root elongation at the highest ethylene concentration (5 μL L −1 ). For sensitive Bayles, crown root production was promoted by the lowest concentration of ethylene, whereas root elongation was restricted at all levels of ethylene. Ethylene also promoted formation of aerenchyma in crown roots by increasing cellulase activity. This effect occurred earlier and was more dramatic for Jackson. The promoting effect of ethylene on aerenchyma formation was also more pronounced for newly formed than pre‐existing roots. The results showed that the effects of ethylene on roots varied with cultivar and ethylene concentration.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia limited root elongation in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- limitede0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypoxia limited root elongation for both cultivars but enhanced production of crown roots for tolerant Jackson”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia enhanced crown root production in Jackson.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jacksone0
- Organ / stage
- crown rootse0
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae0
- Outcome
- production of crown rootse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypoxia limited root elongation for both cultivars but enhanced production of crown roots for tolerant Jackson”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia induced root aerenchyma formation in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae0
- Outcome
- root aerenchyma formatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypoxia induced root aerenchyma formation and enhanced root ethylene production for both cultivars, but the response was greater for Jackson than Bayles”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia enhanced root ethylene production in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- Hypoxiae0
- Outcome
- root ethylene productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hypoxia induced root aerenchyma formation and enhanced root ethylene production for both cultivars, but the response was greater for Jackson than Bayles”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Jackson responded more strongly to hypoxia than Bayles.
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“response was greater for Jackson than Bayles”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene hastened production of crown roots in Jackson.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jacksone0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- production of crown rootse0
- Direction
- hastenede0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All concentrations of ethylene (0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 μL −1 ) hastened the production of crown roots for Jackson but inhibited root elongation at the highest ethylene concentration (5 μL L −1 )”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene inhibited root elongation in Jackson.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jacksone0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All concentrations of ethylene (0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 μL −1 ) hastened the production of crown roots for Jackson but inhibited root elongation at the highest ethylene concentration (5 μL L −1 )”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest ethylene concentration promoted crown root production in Bayles.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Baylese0
- Treatment
- lowest concentration of ethylenee0
- Outcome
- crown root productione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For sensitive Bayles, crown root production was promoted by the lowest concentration of ethylene, whereas root elongation was restricted at all levels of ethylene”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
All ethylene levels restricted root elongation in Bayles.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Baylese0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- restrictede0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For sensitive Bayles, crown root production was promoted by the lowest concentration of ethylene, whereas root elongation was restricted at all levels of ethylene”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene promoted crown root aerenchyma formation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- crown rootse0
- Treatment
- Ethylenee0
- Outcome
- formation of aerenchymae0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedMaterialComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene also promoted formation of aerenchyma in crown roots by increasing cellulase activity”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased cellulase activity explained ethylene-promoted aerenchyma formation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ethylenee0
- Gene
- cellulasee0
- Outcome
- formation of aerenchyma in crown rootse0
- Qualifier
- increasing cellulase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene also promoted formation of aerenchyma in crown roots by increasing cellulase activity”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene-induced aerenchyma formation occurred earlier and more strongly in Jackson than Bayles.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jacksone0
- Outcome
- effecte0
- Direction
- earlier and was more dramatice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect occurred earlier and was more dramatic for Jackson”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene had a more pronounced aerenchyma effect in newly formed than pre-existing roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- newly formede0
- Treatment
- ethylenee0
- Outcome
- aerenchyma formatione0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
- Comparator
- pre‐existing rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoting effect of ethylene on aerenchyma formation was also more pronounced for newly formed than pre‐existing roots”
t0“Root Characteristics and Hormone Activity of Wheat in Response to Hypoxia and Ethylene”
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